自然与自由：政治文明语境中的康德目的论观念
Nature and Freedom: Kant's Teleological Conception in the Context of Political Civilization
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摘要: 康德自然目的论观念具有鲜明的政治文明指向,具体表征为教化与文明是人类反思并引导自然历史进程的最终目的。同时,合法的自由秩序或法权状态的建构,不仅是文化或文明进步的根本指向,也是追寻人类终极目的的形式条件,而世界主义意义上的交往联合则是人类文明形态的最高表达。在此意义上,政治文明或人类联合形态的不断革新与完善,乃是充分发展人运用理性的自然潜能和道德禀赋的必要前提,这也吻合创造的终极目的。但是无论人类文明形态的构建和完善,还是基于道德政治的持续改良追寻永久和平理想,均非思辨的设定和天意的安排,而是需要历经漫长甚至残酷的社会纷争,表现为自由的自然史和自然的自由史交错并行,在此过程中需要凭借人类理性能力或普遍立法意志并经由种种不完美的试验,才能逐渐摆脱野蛮的自然状态而实现普遍法治的文明社会。而彰显人类族群意义上的系统联合和文明形态再造,实现从国家联盟、世界共和国到世界主义共同体的跃迁,乃是趋向至善理想和人类希望的必由之路。Abstract: Kant's teleological conception of nature has a distinct orientation towards political civilization, specifically manifested in the fact that cultivation and civilization are the final ends for humankind to reflect on and guide the process of natural history. At the same time, the construction of a legitimate order of freedom or a rightful state is not only the fundamental aim of cultural or civilizational progress, but also the formal condition for pursuing the ultimate end of humankind. And the cosmopolitan communication and union is the highest expression of the human civilization form. In this sense, the continuous innovation and improvement of political civilization or the form of human union is a necessary prerequisite for the full development of human natural predispositions and moral endowment, which also conforms to the ultimate end of creation. However, whether it is the construction and improvement of the human civilization form or the pursuit of the ideal of perpetual peace through continuous improvement based on moral politics, it is neither a speculative assumption nor a providential arrangement. Instead, it requires going through a long and even cruel social antagonism, manifested as the intertwined parallel of the natural history of freedom and the free history of nature. In this process, it is necessary to rely on human reasonable agency or the will of universal legislation and through various imperfect experiments to gradually get rid of the barbaric natural state and realize a civilized society under universal rule of law. And to manifest the systematic union and the reconstruction of the civilization form in the sense of the human species, and to realize the leap from a league of nations, a world republic to a cosmopolitan community, is the only way to the ideal of the highest good and human hope.
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