儒家思想中祭礼的社会学分析
        
        
        
        
        	作者简介:秦鹏飞,南开大学社会学院助理研究员 (天津 300350)。
				
        	基金项目: 
			本文系国家社会科学基金重大项目 "社会学视阈下中国式现代化的文化底蕴与历史逻辑研究"(23&ZD173)的阶段性成果
        
        
            
            摘要: 礼仪思想是儒家学说的重要组成部分,一般被认为是承载了儒家所倡导的道德伦理的行为规范。在儒学论域中,礼仪具有不容违反的强制性或"神圣性"。关于其神圣性的来源,存在"巫术禁忌论""社会仪式论"的两种分析视角,前者认为礼仪的神圣性源自"巫术"式的宗教因素,后者认为礼仪的神圣性源自社会。与儒学本身的思想理路相比,这两种视角均不能完整解释礼仪的神圣性质。以祭礼中的"尸祭"活动为例,可认为儒学礼仪的神圣性源于儒学理路中"处于社会之中的人"式的人性论观点,礼仪的参与者以生理性关系重构了巫术式的神人关系,而礼仪活动中主祭者的"孝子之心"与助祭者依照伦序各司其事的行礼实践,反复强化了参与礼仪活动的个体的"社会"观念。由此,儒学论域中的礼仪制度也提供了一种独特的建立社会团结的机制。
         
    
    
    
        A Sociological Analysis Centered on the Sacred Rituals of Confucian Thought
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
        	
            Abstract: Ritual thought is a crucial component of Confucian doctrines, generally regarded as a behavioral norm that carries Confucian ethics and morality. According to Confucianism, the sacredness of rituals is compulsory or sacred. Regarding its origin, there are two analytical perspectives:the "magic taboo theory" and the "social ritual theory. " The former posits that ritual sacredness stems from residual "magic" elements, while the latter attributes it to society. Compared to Confucianism's own framework, neither perspective fully explains the sacredness of rituals. Taking the Shi ("尸") Ceremony as an example, this paper argues that the sacredness of Confucian rituals is rooted in the Confucian theory of human nature- "human beings are situated within society. " The ritual participants reconstruct a magical human-divine relationship through the physiological connections. The officiating participants' "heart of a filial son" and the assistants' ritual activities performed in accordance with ethical hierarchical order repeatedly reinforce the participants' view of "society". Hence, the Confucian ritual system provides a unique mechanism for establishing social solidarity.