日常伦理规范性的哲学根基——以西田哲学为视角
作者简介:徐英瑾,复旦大学哲学学院教授、复旦大学特聘教授(上海 200433)。
基金项目:
本文系国家社会科学基金一般项目“对于通用人工智能与特定文化风土之间关系的哲学研究”(22BZX031)的阶段性成果
摘要: 所谓的“日常伦理规范”,无非“不得偷盗”“不得杀人”“必须照顾老幼”之类的世界各民族都承认的最基本的伦理规范。在日本哲学家西田几多郎的哲学体系中,存在着至少三个理论来源,以使得其能支持大多数人的伦理常识。相关的第一个理论来源便是一种准黑格尔的架构,以使得在西田的哲学中,对于特殊性的经验与对于一般者的把握能够始终产生积极的辩证对话。第二个相关的理论资源便是西田对于模态性问题的深挖——这使得他能通过对于尽可能多的可能世界的覆盖而从“模态性”中顺畅地引申出一切道德规范的基础性概念:“应然性”。第三个相关的理论资源则是西田对“我—汝”关系的讨论。这一讨论以“人皆有一死”这一底层共相为重要背景,以促发“物哀”意识的审美体验为催化剂,由此使得整个西田的伦理学叙述方式同时具备了向宗教哲学与艺术哲学过渡的可能。与之相较,在海德格尔的哲学中,他对于“本真性”的执着却使得他无法引入任何具有“非本真性”特征的哲学资源,无论这指的是一种准黑格尔式的辩证架构,还是对于模态性的讨论,抑或是一种超出“本己”范围的作为“一般者”的死亡大限意识。换言之,从哲学方法论角度看,是西田对于现象学资源与辩证法资源的兼容并蓄,才使得他有更充分的理论手段来处理伦理学问题,并使得其特定的哲学结论能相对友好于一般人的道德直观。
On the Philosophical Grounds of Commonsensical Ethical Canons——From the Lens of Kitarō Nishida's Philosophy
Abstract: The so-called "commonsensical ethical canons" refer to cross-culturally holding ethical guidelines encouraging, say, the care of the old and the weak, the respect of human rights, among others.There are three sources for revealing the affordability of these canons in Kitarō Nishida's philosophy.The first source is a semi-Hegelian structure facilitating the interaction between the extreme particularity of perceptions and the extreme generality of Absolute Nothingness.It is this structure, which is brought into Nishida's picture via his "Actor"-based narrative, that further facilitates Nishida's attempt to introduce universally applicable ethical codes into specific scenarios.The second source of a normal ethics in Nishida's philosophy is a phenomenologically achievable grasp of "modality", which means the inter- worldly holding structure among the actuality and its surrounding possibilities.When supplemented by a Fichtean notion of Will desiring to travel through as more possible worlds as possible, the preceding modality-based picture would immediately yield the notion of "oughtness", the underlying conceptual apparatus for nearly all ethical narratives.The last source of a normal ethics in Nishida's philosophy is "Thou", namely, another respectable "I" representing all human- beings.Notably, Nishida's account of the I-Thou relationship is heavily theologically/aesthetically-laden to allow him to smoothly fill the gap between ethics and the philosophy of religion/art.Since all the three sources are missing in Heidegger's philosophy, whose authenticity/inauthenticity dichotomy frustrates the assimilation of any of the three resources into its own system, it would be no surprise to find that his philosophy is relatively normal-ethics-unaffordable.