主体主义,还是新的实在性范式——论费希特的“绝对自我”概念
Subjectivism,Or a New Paradigm of Reality—On Fichte’s Concept of the “Absolute I”
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摘要: 如何定位费希特的“绝对自我”概念,是学界争议已久的一个问题。业已存在的两种解释范式分别以“自我意识”与实体形而上学的“神”的概念为基础,这两种范式都未能完全切中费希特理论的核心问题,此即,在继承发展康德先验哲学洞见的基础上重思真理与实在性的最高本原。绝对自我理论不是一门自我意识理论,而是一门关于意识的终极实在性本原的理论,并且,这一本原无法以实体形而上学的静态实体模型得到理解,而必须以一种表达主义的动态一元论模型得到界定。这一得到动态化理解的本原,是费希特通过对传统本原理论的先验哲学批判,重新赢获的终极本原概念。澄清这一点,将有效破除对于费希特哲学长期以来的成见:绝对自我理论不仅不是自我封闭的主观主义与虚无主义,更提供了后康德哲学语境中理解真理与实在的新范式,此即动力学模型。Abstract: The interpretation of Fichte’s theory of the “absolute I” remains a contentious issue in research.The two existing paradigms,which interpret the absolute I through the concepts of self-consciousness and the substance-metaphysical concept of “God”,do not fully address a central aspect of Fichte’s theory:Namely,how to establish the ultimate principle of truth and reality based on the legacy of Kantian transcendental philosophy.A systematic examination of this approach sheds new light on the interpretation of the absolute I:Firstly,Fichte’s theory of the absolute I transcends being a mere theory of self-consciousness and instead addresses the ultimate foundation of the consciousness.Secondly,the instance of ultimate foundation should not be interpreted through the substance model of substance metaphysics,but through an expression-logical and dynamic model.This dynamically apprehended principle represents the concept of the highest principle of truth and reality,which Fichte gains through a transcendental-philosophical critique of classical metaphysic.This reinterpretation challenges the longstanding misconception that Fichte’s philosophy entails a self-enclosed subjectivism or nihilism.On the contrary,it proposes a new paradigm for the philosophical grounding of truth and reality.The novelty of this proposal lies in the problematization of “being-centeredness” and the replacement of the substance model with the dynamic model at the highest level of principles.
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Key words:
- Fichte /
- absolute I /
- expressivism /
- dynamics /
- reality
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