曼陀罗与香巴拉:车巴部落起源神话的人类学分析
Mandala and Shambhala: An Anthropological Analysis of the Origin Myth for the Ches-pa Tribe
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摘要: 《安多政教史》及《江可珠钦巴文集》所见的卓尼车巴部落起源神话证明,藏族的等级制度是以武士阶层分化出三功能模式为基础的,这一模式同样也隐藏在印度史诗《摩诃婆罗多》当中,且与瓦尔纳制度并行不悖。在这两个案例中,等级制的形成都与末世论有着密不可分的关联性,尤其对藏族社会来说,通常出现于佛教信仰为主的社会中的以曼陀罗图式为依据的中心—边缘关系要让位于以北方军王为核心的末世论香巴拉图式。这一发现厘清了藏文明与印度文明的根本差异同时也表明了藏族社会与其他佛教社会的根本区别。以武士群体为逻辑起点的等级制挑战了杜梅齐尔和杜蒙从辩证法出发的对印度等级制度的解释,并更有可能成为理解人类等级性的基本路径。Abstract: This article attempts to use the origin myth of the Ches-pa tribe in Chone area, which come from The Political and Religious History of Amdo and The Collected Works of Kun mkhyen klong chen rab'byams, to demonstrate that the Tibetan hierarchical system is based on the warrior class being divided into three functional models. This model is also hidden in the Indian epic Mahabharata, coexisting with the Varna system. In both cases, the formation of the hierarchy is inextricably linked to their own eschatology. Especially in Tibetan society, the center-periphery relationship based on mandala diagrams, which is usually found in predominantly Buddhist societies, gives way to the eschatological Shambhala diagram centered on the northern military king. This discovery clarifies the fundamental differences between Tibetan and Indian civilizations, which also demonstrating the fundamental distinction between Tibetan society and other Buddhist societies. The hierarchical argument that takes the warrior class as its logical starting point challenges Dumézil and Dumont's dialectical explanation of the Indian hierarchy, also being more likely to become the fundamental path to understanding human hierarchy.
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Key words:
- galactic polity /
- three-functions /
- hierarchy /
- cosmology /
- warrior group
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