共情的概念谱系及其伦理新义
作者简介:刘超,南京大学文学院暨学衡研究院教授(江苏南京210093);李雁玲,南京大学文学院博士研究生(江苏南京210093)。
摘要: 18世纪以来,情感哲学和心理学研究始终关注着共情这一人类最原初的情感纽带,对共情现象的哲学探讨也被20世纪胡塞尔一脉的现象学研究视为解决主客体间问题的关键。尽管胡塞尔试图用“移情”调和与“他者”的矛盾,但其研究仍建立在自我反思的基础之上,背离了“真正的”共情关系所要求的平等与尊重。当下,互联网“多节点”的拓扑结构将“关系”拔擢到本体的位置,这就要求我们重审以身体与感觉为前提的对主体间性的讨论,即其如何在“去身体化”的网络环境中建立新的共情支点。虚拟空间中的交往虽然取消了面对面交流的实体性,却依旧凭借其结构和技术优势保留甚至放大了人与人之间的情感共鸣,因而马丁·布伯的“关系本体论”在互联网的“多中心”模式中找到了新的表达。尽管如此,共情在网络资本驱动的运行机制下也面临着被异化乃至被操控的危机。面对传统社会中囿于地缘与亲缘的“蛛网”状人际网络演化为充满不确定性的“流动之网”,如何在变动中寻求作为交往规约的“不变的流动体”,成为当下所亟须解决的问题。
The Genealogy of Empathy and Its New Ethical Value
Abstract: Ever since the 18th century,studies of the philosophy of emotion and psychology have been consistently focused on empathy,which also prompted Husserls research of phenomenology,who regarded empathy as the key to solving problems with intersubjectivity.Although Husserl employs empathy in an attempt to neutralize the contradictions between the subject and the other,his methodology fundamentally relies on self-reflection.This examination diverges from the fundamental principles of a true empathetic relationship,which embeds itself in equality and mutual respect.In the digital age,Internets “multi-center” and “multi-node” structure has aligned subjectivity with “relatedness” and thus elicited a critical reassessment of intersubjectivity,regardless of bodily or sensory premises.It particularly entails a new standing point in the “disembodied” milieu of digital networks.Interactions within virtual realms,though devoid of face-to-face contacts,maintain and even intensify the emotional resonance among individuals with unprecedented structural and technological advantages.In this sense,Martin Bubers concept of “relational ontology” could renew itself within the context of cyberspace.Nevertheless,empathy also faces the crisis of alienation and manipulation in a capital-driven society.The “cobweb-like” interpersonal network of traditional society,originally confined to kinship and geographical ties,has evolved into a “network of mobility” full of uncertainty.This transformation,among other things,makes it necessary to reveal the “immutable mobile” as a protocol of interaction underpinned by changes.