以圣化神:德位信仰的秩序与心态—王权敕封祠神中的双重神圣特征
The Deification by the Sacred King: The Order and Mentality of the Beliefs of Hierarchy Determined by Virtues
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摘要: 公私关系是传统中国配置权力与神圣关系的载体,它能把超社会圣明崇拜与自然神灵崇拜直接呈现为不同属性的王圣—私神格局,最终形成以公控私进而以圣化神的总体圣神秩序。中国历史上王权敕封祠神的过程,实际上就是王公圣教与民间祠神的双重神圣化。一方面是处于私领域、自然崇拜的祠神及其信奉者凭借官方认可而纳入“王公”圣教秩序中而获得正统资格,依附于整体圣神结构;另一方面是超社会崇拜的王权基于民间神祇资格的把控,在庶民社会中实现自身的显现与证成而建成祠神秩序。在此过程中,“以圣化神”和“德位信仰”的双重建构,形成王公教化掌控民私祠神的德位信仰、圣神等级,最终建构了“神圣依附”的心态秩序及其衍生机制。Abstract: Public-private relationship is the carrier of allocation of power and sacred relationship in traditional China. It can present super-social sacred worships and natural god worships as sacred king- private god order with different characteristics, leading to a total sacred construction in which the public controls the private and the sacred king entitles the gods. The process of entitling the ancestor gods in Chinese history is actually the process of dual deification of the king with the religion establishment and the ancestor gods. On the one hand, the local natural ancestor gods which belong to the private sphere and their believers gain the orthodox qualification and become dependent on as well as included into the sacred construction. On the other hand, on the basis of maintaining its power to entitle the ancestor gods in folk society, the super-social worship, the imperial power obtains its presentation in the folk society, justifies itself as the orthodox and establishes its domination over ancestor gods’ order. In this process, the dual construction of “the sacred king’s entitling the gods” and “the belief of hierarchy determined by virtues” formed the belief of virtue determined hierarchy and rank of sacred gods, thus forming the mind set of “gods’ dependence on the divinity” with its derivative mechanisms.
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