The Reform Movement of 1898 not only imitates the political reforms of Japan and Russia, but also introduces a great deal of Western and/or Japanese terms and concepts into China. Inheriting the traditional values of Classic of Poetry, absorbing the ideological resources of Meiji Restoration in Japan, and as the translation of “reform”, the concept of “weixin” (“维新”, reform) has multiple meanings in modern China. As a “new term” and an important “keyword”, this concept was not confined to national or cultural boundaries; to some extent, the complex evolution of this term embodies the cultural dimension of global history. The present article draws upon relevant articles in the news, encyclopedic entries, and important debates at that time. By means of a thorough examination of these historical documents, this article intends to display its historical development in detail, and aims to explore the cross-cultural journey as well as the ideological transition of the concept of “weixin”.
“改良”系外来词,19世纪末由日本传入中国。日语“改良”(かいりよう)意为“短所や欠点を改めて、よくすること;改善”㉝,明治时期多有使用,如“历史学改良”“政略改良”等。出版于1886年的《改正増補和英英和語林集成》有“改良”词条,英文释为“to change for the better; to improve, amend”㉞。
“Reform”在辞书中最早进入中国,可以追溯到马礼逊《华英字典》。这部巨著分为三部分,即《华英字典》(第1—3卷,1815—1823年)、《五车韵府》(第4—5卷,1819—1820年)和《英华字典》(第6卷,1822年)。“reform”在《华英字典》和《五车韵府》释义中凡七见,皆用作动词,语义与教化劝善相关,例如“化”(to reform),“劝化”(to advise and reform a vicious man)(73),“教化”(to change, or reform by instruction)(74);《英华字典》中,“reform”释为“to change from worse to better”,8个例句都是动词用法(75),整部词典未见“维新”词目。这样的对译,植基于“reform”动词的“重塑”义。
考察此后大半个世纪的数种英汉词典,包括卫三畏(Samuel Wells Williams,1812—1884)《英华韵府历阶》(1844)(76)、麦都思(Walter Henry Medhurst,1796—1857)《英华字典》(1847—1848)(77)、罗存德《英华字典》(1866)(78)、卢公明(Justus Doolittle,1824—1880)《英华萃林韵府》(1872)(79)、井上哲次郎(1856—1944)《订增英华字典》(1884)(80)、邝其照(1836—1891)《华英字典集成》(1887)(81),“reform”释义集中在“改恶迁善”的教化层面;以动词用法为主,仅罗存德《英华字典》和井上哲次郎在此基础上编成的《订增英华字典》,以及邝其照《华英字典集成》列有名词义项。
“维新”一词首次出现在英汉词典中,是1892年。英国外交官翟理思(Herbert Alien Giles,1845—1935)将“周虽旧邦,其命维新”译为“Although Chou is an old state, its appointment (as sovereign State) is recent”(82)。此处采用意译,体现“旧邦新命”的传统价值。这也从侧面证明,在日本资源传入前,汉语“维新”概念局限在儒家经典层面。
虽然19世纪英汉词典中“reform”释义集中在道德教义方面,但表达“改革”意涵的“reform”概念早已进入中国。《北华捷报》(The North-China Herald)自1850年创刊起即多次介绍西方社会改革;以“reform”描述西方注视下的中国,则始于洋务运动时期。虽然西方一度认为这场改革是无用的(Seeing the utter futility of expecting any reform in China(84)),但数十年间,西文报纸中仍留下了一批对彼时中国政治军事改革的记录与论说。
甲午战后,西文报纸敏锐地观察到了中日军事较量带来的政治影响,以及中国萌生的改革力量(85)。强学会被译为“the Reform Club”(86)或“the Chinese Reform Association”(87)。在“中国的维新时代”(an era of reform in China(88)),新的思想酝酿生长,一切事物都处于变革之中,给古老的帝国带来新的活力与希望。百日维新旋起旋灭,变法失败后,以《北华捷报》为代表的西文报纸曾专文纪念这一历史事件。“The Coup vs. Reform”的标题(89),道出宫廷政变与维新事业的对抗,由“维新党”的译名(Liberal Party/ Reform Party)(90)可知,此时西人已明确将“reform”译为“维新”。政变后,西文报纸将百日维新定义为“一场未真正开始的维新运动”(The reform movement in China has ended before it was fairly begun),这也是“戊戌维新”译为“the Reform Movement of 1898”的起源。这里“reform”不再是早期来华西人所阐释的教化含义,亦脱离了西史传统,是一场中国现代化道路上的政治社会改革。
以西方视角看来,这场失败了的改革,其实蕴藉着不可阻挡的前进力量。维新运动表面上迅速凋零,但随着报刊和教育的发展,士人的阅读领域和知识空间已然扩大,中国的觉醒正在涌动之中。1898年底,在改革已成泡影之时,西人仍坚定地相信,“Reform is more powerful than any reaction against it”。西文媒体对戊戌的关注,不只局限在新闻报道,而是有意识的历史总结和思考。1900年,《字林西报》出版了对维新史的编年记录;1900—1901年度的Journal of the China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society亦有专文讨论。1908年11月14日,光绪帝驾崩,次日《纽约时报》进行专题报道并回顾了光绪帝多舛的一生。那场十年前未竟的改革,成为外媒眼中这位中国皇帝政绩方面最大的亮点和遗憾。戊戌维新以失败告终,但其所倡导的维新改革、求新求变的思想,并未随着政变的发生而消散。透过西人视角观察近代中国,可以跳脱具体政治立场、观念派别的局限,更重要的是,以西方文化资源阐释中国时局,更能发现中国在新旧之间的艰难抉择和观念变迁。
Abstract: The Reform Movement of 1898 not only imitates the political reforms of Japan and Russia, but also introduces a great deal of Western and/or Japanese terms and concepts into China. Inheriting the traditional values of Classic of Poetry, absorbing the ideological resources of Meiji Restoration in Japan, and as the translation of “reform”, the concept of “weixin” (“维新”, reform) has multiple meanings in modern China. As a “new term” and an important “keyword”, this concept was not confined to national or cultural boundaries; to some extent, the complex evolution of this term embodies the cultural dimension of global history. The present article draws upon relevant articles in the news, encyclopedic entries, and important debates at that time. By means of a thorough examination of these historical documents, this article intends to display its historical development in detail, and aims to explore the cross-cultural journey as well as the ideological transition of the concept of “weixin”.