Citation:
Jinghao SUN. A Review and a Few Reflections on the Recent Studies of Zheng He’s Military Activities on the Western Seas[J]. Academic Monthly, 2020, 52(9): 173-184.
A Review and a Few Reflections on the Recent Studies of Zheng He’s Military Activities on the Western Seas
A controversial topic on the studies of the Zheng He voyages is how to perceive his armadas’ military actions. Most Chinese scholars argue that Zheng He’s endeavors had created and retained peaceful relationships with foreign nations, while a few Western scholars point to Zheng He’s “invasive” interventions in local politics, even employing the label of “proto-colonialism.” This article aims to briefly represent and evaluate the recent Chinese scholarship on Zheng He’s armed engagements and related issues, secondarily in light of a comparative perspective to certain discrepancy between the “Chinese” and “Western” scholars in their respective interpretations, together with a textual examination of the relevant historical process. Regardless of the mainstream Chinese scholarship’s certain purposive stance, as well as a plausible Chinese-Western dichotomy, I conclude that under the traditional tribute system Zheng He was roughly cautious in military solution in anticipation of establishing and maintaining a kind of “harmonious” international order in effect, different from the ferocious intrusion, occupation and oppression that European explorers, merchants and colonialists inflicted on the same areas that started a half century later.
因此,近年来一些西方学者从所谓明朝使用强权欺压他国切入,逐渐形成了以侵略、帝国主义、殖民主义之类的话语来评析郑和的下西洋活动,其中“原始殖民主义”的概念最为炫目,这与中国学界的主流观点截然相反。新加坡华裔学者陈达生(Tan Ta Sen)归结韦杰夫为代表的关于郑和侵略性和殖民主义的如下说法:1.郑和是一位领土扩张主义者,一位原始殖民主义者。2.郑和在东南亚地区营建基地、殖民地、商业据点,与后到的葡萄牙人的殖民活动相似。3.在七次下西洋过程中,郑和对苏门答腊国(今苏门答腊岛西北端)、爪哇(今印度尼西亚爪哇岛)、旧港(今苏门答腊岛东南部)、锡兰(今斯里兰卡)发动了武装征伐。㉓由于语言障碍,很少中国学者明悉上述的负面评论,尽管他们长期以来在经验性叙事和理论性预设中否定了这种立场,而一些海外华裔学者的论述则显得较少带有“主观性”色彩。
德国学者萧婷(Angela Schottenhammer)通过对陈祖义事件的深入研究,质疑中国相关历史记录的中立性,并进而认为铲除陈祖义是明朝统治者“惩治罪犯和反抗者的一个缩影”。㉛而爱德华·德莱耶(Edward L. Dreyer)则这样诠释了此次事件原委:在郑和船队途经后,陈祖义曾于永乐四年(1406)遣子向明廷进贡,而梁道明在前一年已经派其侄到南京。1407年,郑和在返航途中与陈祖义发生战斗,显然他决定站在梁道明、施进卿一方。㉜
总而言之,尽管对于旧港事件的基本史实,中、西学者的认识并无二致,但是西方学者趋于认定郑和动用武力行使天朝的权威,而中国学者则更多关注明廷所看重的宗主名分。对于军事行动后果,陈达生的以下观察更有意义:当时旧港名义上是满者伯夷国(即爪哇帝国)的附属国,但实际上是由几个华人首领管辖;明朝所设立的宣慰使司,类似于现代领事馆,并没有改变满者伯夷国所拥有的宗主权。㉟麦克罗伯茨(R. W. McRoberts)亦指出,明廷视施进卿为旧港的一位统领,同时也默许旧港是满者伯夷国的属地。㊱
从郑和下西洋的成功可以看出,中国丰足的物产支撑着朝贡体系。明朝作为一个拥有丰富资源与先进技术的帝国,对他国而言是充满诱惑的贸易源头,而与明朝的商业往来对其国内经济十分重要。玛丽·海德惠斯(Mary F. Somers Heidhues)认为,被称为“南洋”的东南亚极易受到外部世界,特别是中国的影响。自宋朝(960—1278)以降,与中国的贸易一直是该地区经济发展的“发动机”,直到19世纪之初,仍比与印度、与西方更为重要。因此,“南洋”欢迎郑和来访,愿意被纳入朝贡体制。伴随着明朝与东南亚地区长途贸易的发达,越来越多的中国人定居在这个地区的各个贸易中心。(54)
Abstract: A controversial topic on the studies of the Zheng He voyages is how to perceive his armadas’ military actions. Most Chinese scholars argue that Zheng He’s endeavors had created and retained peaceful relationships with foreign nations, while a few Western scholars point to Zheng He’s “invasive” interventions in local politics, even employing the label of “proto-colonialism.” This article aims to briefly represent and evaluate the recent Chinese scholarship on Zheng He’s armed engagements and related issues, secondarily in light of a comparative perspective to certain discrepancy between the “Chinese” and “Western” scholars in their respective interpretations, together with a textual examination of the relevant historical process. Regardless of the mainstream Chinese scholarship’s certain purposive stance, as well as a plausible Chinese-Western dichotomy, I conclude that under the traditional tribute system Zheng He was roughly cautious in military solution in anticipation of establishing and maintaining a kind of “harmonious” international order in effect, different from the ferocious intrusion, occupation and oppression that European explorers, merchants and colonialists inflicted on the same areas that started a half century later.
HTML
目录
Export File
Citation
Jinghao SUN. A Review and a Few Reflections on the Recent Studies of Zheng He’s Military Activities on the Western Seas[J]. Academic Monthly, 2020, 52(9): 173-184.