论儒家著作之衍生谱系及近出楚简孔子语录的性质——以“公言”为视角
On the Derivative Genealogy of Confucian Works and the Nature of Confucius’ Quotations in Chu Bamboo Slips——From the Perspective of “Public Speeches”
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摘要: 孔子对弟子的言说和教导,最初大多都是通过口传的形式,这在孔门后学间形成数量可观的“公言”:兼具纵向的多代传承与横向上的多点分布。文献中不少孔门弟子的言论,其实归根结底还是承自孔子的话,这在史料学和古书年代学上有特别的意义。由于最初的口传特征,落实到简册上的表述实际是千差万别的,且在流传过程中有时也“言”胜于“书”,这说明溯源研究有时需要超越“文本”。作为孔门第一部结集的著作,《论语》不但最早成书,也与此后孔门后学的著作存在明显的“边界感”。在当前楚简孔子语录材料的研究中,这是最需认清的基本时序。孔门后学著作中有的以保存夫子言论为主,近乎《论语》的仿拟;有的则系在孔门“公言”基础上的“迭代”,从而形成著作意识非常明确的作品,而曾子、子思等孔门后学作品“类”意识的觉醒,又成为后来儒门诸子书的滥觞。Abstract: Initially,Confucius’ teachings to his disciples were mostly passed down orally,which resulted in a considerable number of “public speeches” among the disciples of Confucius’ school:a combination of vertical multi generational inheritance and horizontal multi-point distribution.Many of the statements made by disciples ultimately stem from Confucius’ speeches,which have special significance in the study of historical materials and the chronology of ancient books.Due to the initial oral transmission characteristics,the expressions implemented in the simplified book are actually vastly different,indicating that traceability research sometimes needs to go beyond “texts”.As the first collection of works by the Confucian School,the Analects was not only the earliest to be written,but also has a clear sense of “boundary” with the later works of the Confucian.In the current research on the materials of Confucius’ quotations from Chu bamboo slips,this is the fundamental timeline that needs to be recognized.Some of the works of Confucian scholars mainly focus on preserving the speeches of Confucius,which are almost imitations of the Analects;Some works are based on the “public speeches” of Confucius,forming works with a very clear sense of writing consciousness.The awakening of the “class” consciousness in works by Confucian scholars such as Zengzi and Zisi became the origin of later Confucian works.
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Key words:
- public speeches /
- Analects /
- Zhongni Saying /
- Confucius Saying /
- sense of “boundary” /
- iteration
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