现代民族主义的神学幻象——一个思想史的梳理
作者简介:刘琪,上海外国语大学上海全球治理与区域国别研究院研究员(上海 201620)。
基金项目:
本文系上海市教育委员会“曙光计划”(23SG27)的阶段性成果
关键词:
- 民族主义 /
- 一神论 /
- 国家 /
- 民族 /
- 自由
摘要: 现代西方民族主义理论背后，存在着一神论的知识背景，这一知识背景尚未得到足够的关注。从中世纪神学到启蒙思想，“尘世王国”逐渐获得了独立于神权的地位，但这一分离也为其带来了合法性危机。在前现代时期，这一危机通过国王的神圣性得到了解决，而在现代社会，则以作为整体的“民族”神圣性作为基石。通过“民族自然说”，民族拥有了自足的价值体系，组成民族的个体价值则只能通过民族整体得以实现。个体对于民族的情感，实则是西方一神论中信徒对于上帝情感的模仿，而一旦当民族陷入竞争性的环境中时，这种情感便可能导致压迫和侵略。这是西方民族主义理论中难以克服的困境，也是我国构建自主民族理论体系需要扬弃的理论起点。
The Theological Illusion of Modern Nationalism A Review of Intellectual History
Abstract: From the perspective of intellectual history, this article reveals the theological illusion behind modern western nationalism theory. Firstly, it sorts out the dichotomy of the sacred and the secular from medieval theology to the Enlightenment thought, presenting how the "secular kingdom" gained an independent status from theocracy and the legitimacy crisis brought about by this separation. In the pre-modern period, this crisis was resolved through the sacredness of the king, while in modern society, it is based on the sacredness of the "nation" as a whole. Through the "naturalness of the nation", the nation gained an autonomous value system of its own, and the value of the individuals constituting the nation can only be realized through the nation. The emotions of individuals towards the nation are actually an imitation of the emotions of believers towards God in Western monotheism. However, once the nation is placed in a competitive environment, such emotions may lead to oppression and aggression. This is the insurmountable predicament in western nationalism theories and also the theoretical starting point that needs deep reflection when we construct an autonomous Chinese theory system today.
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