晚明的政治危机、科举考试与国家治理

冯贤亮

English

晚明的政治危机、科举考试与国家治理

引用本文: 冯贤亮. 晚明的政治危机、科举考试与国家治理[J]. 学术月刊, 2025, 57(2): 176-194. shu

Citation: FENG Xianliang. Political Crisis,Imperial Examination and National Governance in Late Ming Dynasty[J]. Academic Monthly, 2025, 57(2): 176-194. shu

晚明的政治危机、科举考试与国家治理

冯贤亮

作者简介: 冯贤亮，复旦大学历史学系教授（上海 200433）。

基金项目: 本文为国家社会科学基金重大项目“唐宋以来太湖平原的环境变化与治理研究”（24＆ZD272）的阶段性成果
中图分类号: K23

Political Crisis,Imperial Examination and National Governance in Late Ming Dynasty

FENG Xianliang

CLC number: K23

摘要: 晚明中国出现了政治秩序与社会控制的各种危机，牵动了国家到地方的整体注意力。但应对的根本，仍在国家治理亟需的各类人才。从朝廷到州县的秩序维护，需要大量公忠报国的官员队伍，其培育的土壤就在科举制度。在晚明科举考试的内容中，大多是国家治理与礼仪纲纪的大问题，特别是在全国性的会试策论中，表现尤其明显。在国家治理的宏观进程中，制度文明的建设有其根本性意义，从科举层面而论，更能体现其重要性。在明代前期建立的制度与长期的教化基础上，人才选拔有其鲜明的专经差异与地域差异。就会试与殿试的结果比较来看，仍存在人数、人名、户籍等的差异，需要引起特别的注意，从中可以反映出科举考试与录取流程中存在的问题或习惯。但科试的内容，都贯彻了王朝统治的基本理念，尤其是策论，更为切近晚明时政及其如何应对的重要问题，都与当时的世风、文风、国运等变化相联系。最终经由殿试为王朝统治的维续而选拔的合适人才，构成了国家治理的基本依靠。
- 晚明 /
- 科举考试 /
- 人才选拔 /
- 国家治理
Abstract: In late Ming Dynasty,various crises of political order and social control emerged in China,which drew the overall attention of the country to the local level.But the fundamental solution still lies in the various talents urgently needed for national governance.The maintenance of order from the court to the states and counties requires a large number of officials who are loyal and devoted to the country,and the soil for their cultivation lies in the Imperial Examination system.In the content of the imperial examination in late Ming Dynasty,most of it was a major issue of national governance and etiquette,especially in the national examination planning,which was particularly evident.In the macro process of national governance,the construction of institutional civilization has fundamental significance,and from the perspective of the Imperial Examination system,it can better reflect its importance.On the basis of the system established in early Ming Dynasty and long-term education,talent selection has distinct differences in specialization and region.Compared with the results of the Palace Examination,there are still differences in the number of candidates,personal names,and residence registration,which deserved special attention.This can reflect the problems or habits that exist in the Imperial Examination and admission process.But the content of the scientific examination embodies the basic principles of dynastic rule,especially in terms of strategic analysis,which is more closely related to the important issues of late Ming politics and how to deal with them,and is linked to changes in the social atmosphere,literary style,and national fortune at that time.The selection of suitable talents for the continuation of the dynasty’s rule through the palace examination ultimately constitutes the basic dependence for national governance.
- late Ming /
- the Imperial Examination /
- talent selection /
- national governance
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晚明的政治危机、科举考试与国家治理

冯贤亮

作者简介:冯贤亮，复旦大学历史学系教授（上海 200433）。

基金项目: 本文为国家社会科学基金重大项目“唐宋以来太湖平原的环境变化与治理研究”（24＆ZD272）的阶段性成果

关键词:

摘要: 晚明中国出现了政治秩序与社会控制的各种危机，牵动了国家到地方的整体注意力。但应对的根本，仍在国家治理亟需的各类人才。从朝廷到州县的秩序维护，需要大量公忠报国的官员队伍，其培育的土壤就在科举制度。在晚明科举考试的内容中，大多是国家治理与礼仪纲纪的大问题，特别是在全国性的会试策论中，表现尤其明显。在国家治理的宏观进程中，制度文明的建设有其根本性意义，从科举层面而论，更能体现其重要性。在明代前期建立的制度与长期的教化基础上，人才选拔有其鲜明的专经差异与地域差异。就会试与殿试的结果比较来看，仍存在人数、人名、户籍等的差异，需要引起特别的注意，从中可以反映出科举考试与录取流程中存在的问题或习惯。但科试的内容，都贯彻了王朝统治的基本理念，尤其是策论，更为切近晚明时政及其如何应对的重要问题，都与当时的世风、文风、国运等变化相联系。最终经由殿试为王朝统治的维续而选拔的合适人才，构成了国家治理的基本依靠。

English Abstract

Political Crisis,Imperial Examination and National Governance in Late Ming Dynasty

FENG Xianliang

Abstract: In late Ming Dynasty,various crises of political order and social control emerged in China,which drew the overall attention of the country to the local level.But the fundamental solution still lies in the various talents urgently needed for national governance.The maintenance of order from the court to the states and counties requires a large number of officials who are loyal and devoted to the country,and the soil for their cultivation lies in the Imperial Examination system.In the content of the imperial examination in late Ming Dynasty,most of it was a major issue of national governance and etiquette,especially in the national examination planning,which was particularly evident.In the macro process of national governance,the construction of institutional civilization has fundamental significance,and from the perspective of the Imperial Examination system,it can better reflect its importance.On the basis of the system established in early Ming Dynasty and long-term education,talent selection has distinct differences in specialization and region.Compared with the results of the Palace Examination,there are still differences in the number of candidates,personal names,and residence registration,which deserved special attention.This can reflect the problems or habits that exist in the Imperial Examination and admission process.But the content of the scientific examination embodies the basic principles of dynastic rule,especially in terms of strategic analysis,which is more closely related to the important issues of late Ming politics and how to deal with them,and is linked to changes in the social atmosphere,literary style,and national fortune at that time.The selection of suitable talents for the continuation of the dynasty’s rule through the palace examination ultimately constitutes the basic dependence for national governance.

晚明的政治危机、科举考试与国家治理

作者简介: 冯贤亮，复旦大学历史学系教授（上海 200433）。

Political Crisis,Imperial Examination and National Governance in Late Ming Dynasty

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通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

晚明的政治危机、科举考试与国家治理

作者简介:冯贤亮，复旦大学历史学系教授（上海 200433）。

English Abstract

Political Crisis,Imperial Examination and National Governance in Late Ming Dynasty

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晚明的政治危机、科举考试与国家治理

作者简介: 冯贤亮，复旦大学历史学系教授（上海 200433）。

Political Crisis,Imperial Examination and National Governance in Late Ming Dynasty

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通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

晚明的政治危机、科举考试与国家治理

作者简介:冯贤亮，复旦大学历史学系教授（上海 200433）。

English Abstract

Political Crisis,Imperial Examination and National Governance in Late Ming Dynasty

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