Citation:
Weilai DAI. Global Governance amid the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Fragmentation and the Role of Middle Powers[J]. Academic Monthly, 2021, 53(4): 92-103.
Global Governance amid the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Fragmentation and the Role of Middle Powers
The world is now experiencing the most serious global crisis since the second World War. Not only are governments of countries doing everything they can to improve domestic public health management, but there is also an urgent need for the international community to improve global governance. In the face of this global crisis, however, the world does not have the unity it deserves. On the contrary, the United States promotes the strategy of confrontational competition to maintain world hegemony. Its politicians try to politicize the work of epidemic prevention and control, destroy the global coordination mechanism, which further exposes the shortcomings of global governance, and the trend of great power competition and power transfer is more obvious. In the foreseeable future, the transition of global governance is more likely to take the regional form. In the face of competition from great powers, the space for middle powers to play a role has expanded significantly. Most of middle powers choose to balance foreign policies, advocate multilateralism, act as “catalyst” and “bridge” to win global influence. Nevertheless, the role of “follower” also exposes the weakness of capacity and the lack of diplomatic independence of some middle powers. Global governance system should be reshaped to adapt to the new stage of globalization, which firmly revitalizes multilateralism, promote consensus among major powers, enhance the authority and political legitimacy of global governance.
另一方面,从角色、领域、功能、作用等角度全面分析中等强国参与全球治理。全球治理已成为中等强国释放外交潜能的新空间,并从经贸合作、安全促成、区域发展等角度,分析全球化时代下如何因应国际环境变迁下的发展与挑战。库珀等人认为,冷战后国际事务重心从军事领域转向经济领域,中等强国迎来了思考自身角色定位的新机遇,其崛起势头必将保持。㉔埃文斯主张,那些“志同道合”的中等强国应建构合作联盟,加强利益协调,在关键性的国际事务上以整体姿态出现,建构共同的身份认同,创造新型伙伴关系。㉕中等强国倾向于在能为其努力投资带来最佳回报的特定领域推行外交政策,通常被称为“利基外交”。卡梅隆 ·蒂斯(Cameron G. Thies)在此基础上,进一步探讨了中等强国的全球治理角色,既包含积极角色,也包含潜在角色,但并不总是扮演其所有角色。积极角色在特定事件或问题领域发挥作用,而潜在角色则为以后作用发挥做好准备。㉖ 莫宗林(Jongryn Mo)等认为,中等强国的崛起反映了权力性质以及国际体系结构的变化,表明中等强国可以有所作为,并与大国分担领导责任。G20已成为全球经济治理的中心,中等强国可在其中扮演一定的领导者角色。㉗约翰·柯顿进一步指出,中等强国参与全球治理比如海利根达姆进程,有助于改善全球治理状况,增进国际社会的共同利益,应在其中发挥领导作用。那些“志同道合”的中等强国应建构合作联盟,加强利益协调,在关键性的国际事务上以整体姿态出现,建构共同的身份认同,创造新型伙伴关系。雨宫美月指出,中等强国偏好在特定治理议题领域寻求其独特角色的发挥,包括人权、环境、核裁军、维和、气候变化、反恐、预防疾病等。在新冠疫情期间美国全球领导力缺失,中国已成为国际政治中的主导者,但同时,印度、日本、澳大利亚、德国和韩国等中等强国具有从物质和观念层面影响国际政治的巨大能力和意愿,现在是中等强国时刻。全球治理的转型既是传统大国力量之间的此消彼长,也是数量众多的中等强国崛起的过程。㉘布鲁斯·琼斯(Bruce Jones)认为,如果能够将最初的外交努力转化为对下一阶段大流行的持续回应,中等强国可能会成功地带领世界走出危机。㉙印度观察家研究基金会的国际关系学教授哈希·潘特(Harsh V Pant)乐观认为,中等强国的集体反应预示着地区大国的崛起,这些国家有相当的能力来影响(如果不是设定)全球议程。㉚
新冠疫情是一场全球性危机,应对危机需要全球领导和国际合作,加强全球卫生治理则要求创造性外交,中等强国所负有的角色及其威望前所未有。澳大利亚洛伊研究所(Lowy Institute)称新冠疫情表明,在一个更加横向的世界中,存在进行创造性外交的机会。变革将不仅来自单一的动力源,还来自具有胜任能力的中等强国合作网络。㉝日本东京都立大学学者诧摩佳代(Takuma Kayo)颇具自豪地称,在全球卫生治理的背景下,国际社会对日本全球领导地位的期望从未如此高。㉞庆应义塾大学东亚研究所所长添谷芳秀(Yoshihide Soeya)倡导日本在与澳大利亚、印度和韩国的中等强国外交中发挥领导作用,形成“中等强国四核”(Middle Power Quad),并与东盟合作维护和创造战略空间,避免被太平洋两岸的中美两个大国挤压。㉟美国彼得森国际经济研究所所长亚当·波森(Adam Posen)辩称,在大国领导力缺席的情况下,日本更有能力领导自下而上的努力,重建开放的全球经济体系。㊱中等强国的领导力将像日本这样的国家在美国和中国之间扮演微妙的平衡角色。然而,不可否认的是,由中等强国领导的未来还远未定局。如果没有美国和中国坐在谈判桌上,中等强国抵御疫情引发的任何全球萧条的能力将是有限的。因此,正如土耳其安塔利亚比林姆大学(Antalya Bilim University)国际关系教授塔里克·奥古鲁(Tarik Oguzlu)所称,现在是日本、德国、韩国、土耳其、澳大利亚、加拿大、东盟成员国、欧盟成员国和其他潜在的中等强国联合起来,扼杀美国发动形成的新冷战的时候了。㊲
Abstract: The world is now experiencing the most serious global crisis since the second World War. Not only are governments of countries doing everything they can to improve domestic public health management, but there is also an urgent need for the international community to improve global governance. In the face of this global crisis, however, the world does not have the unity it deserves. On the contrary, the United States promotes the strategy of confrontational competition to maintain world hegemony. Its politicians try to politicize the work of epidemic prevention and control, destroy the global coordination mechanism, which further exposes the shortcomings of global governance, and the trend of great power competition and power transfer is more obvious. In the foreseeable future, the transition of global governance is more likely to take the regional form. In the face of competition from great powers, the space for middle powers to play a role has expanded significantly. Most of middle powers choose to balance foreign policies, advocate multilateralism, act as “catalyst” and “bridge” to win global influence. Nevertheless, the role of “follower” also exposes the weakness of capacity and the lack of diplomatic independence of some middle powers. Global governance system should be reshaped to adapt to the new stage of globalization, which firmly revitalizes multilateralism, promote consensus among major powers, enhance the authority and political legitimacy of global governance.
HTML
目录
Export File
Citation
Weilai DAI. Global Governance amid the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Fragmentation and the Role of Middle Powers[J]. Academic Monthly, 2021, 53(4): 92-103.