康德伦理学中的道德法则与自然法则
The Status of Nature Law in Kant’s Ethics
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摘要: 康德伦理学以区别两类法则即自然法则和道德法则为前提。但在康德对于道德法则或道德义务的论证过程中,呈现出一种复杂的情形:一方面,就人的生命本体的欲求(体现着自然生命内在的合目的性)而言,康德认为人的理性应当超越它而追求不以自己的幸福为目的的道德自由,或把履行道德义务看成是高于对自己幸福追求的职事。另一方面,康德则采用合于人的自然生命本体的自然法则,来论证或证成道德法则。在康德证成道德义务的四个著名个案中,有三个个案都是以自然法则来进行辩护的。这些“自然法则”对于人的有机生命本体的关注面虽然不一样,但都是从这样一个自然本体出发。因此,为康德所拒绝的又被康德召唤回来。康德伦理学对待人的自然生命本体及其法则的两面态度,是其伦理学中一个十分值得关注的理论问题。Abstract: Kant’s ethics is based on the difference between two kinds of laws: natural law and moral law. However, in the process of Kant’s argumentation of moral laws or moral obligations, there is a complex situation: as far as the desire of human life itself (reflecting the internal purposiveness of natural life) is concerned, Kant believes that human reason should transcend it and pursue moral freedom other than aiming at one’s own happiness, or regard the performance of moral obligations as higher than the pursuit of one’s own happiness. On the other hand, Kant uses the natural law suitable for human’s natural life noumenon to demonstrate or prove the moral law. In Kant’s famous four cases of proving moral obligation, three cases are defended by natural law. Although these “natural laws” pay different attention to human organic life noumenon, they all start from such a natural noumenon. Therefore, what was rejected by Kant was called back by Kant. Kant’s ethical attitude towards the natural life noumenon and its law is a theoretical problem worthy of much attention.
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Key words:
- natural laws /
- moral laws /
- categorical order
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