Abstract: The theory of productive forces and production relations is considered to be a key component of the Marxist economic paradigm. The concept of new quality productive forces, along with its theoretical framework, has been introduced and is regarded as an innovative development within the Marxist theory of productive forces and production relations. As an original and distinctive economic theory, the theory of new quality productive forces can be used as a foundation for the construction of an autonomous knowledge system in Chinese economics, which is based on systematic and theoretical research. The new quality productive forces are strictly defined in terms of quality. Firstly, the concept of new quality productive forces must be understood through the new qualitative states of the factors of production, which include labor, the object of labor, and the means of labor. Secondly, the new driving forces of new quality productive forces should be understood by examining new dynamics such as scientific and technological productivity, green productivity, digital productivity, and industrial competitiveness. Although the qualitative definition of new quality productive forces should not be generalized, the extension of developing new quality productive forces is broad. This includes the promotion of scientific and industrial innovation, which is centered around the development of new quality productive forces. The new type of production relations that are to be established for the development of new quality productive forces involves two aspects:First, production relations are adjusted to adapt to new quality productive forces; Second, production relations are adjusted, which is driven by the promotion of new quality productive forces.