屯田余绪中的近世边疆社会嬗变—以1719至1949年间甘肃省金塔县水利事务为中心的研究
Lasting Impact of Tuntian System in Frontier Social Changes in Modern Time
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摘要: 以公元1719至1949年间甘肃金塔县水利事务为主线，可以分析这一因屯田而兴起的边疆社会在两百余年间的演化特征。清代屯田时期，金塔县水利事务完全由政府控制，屯田结束后逐渐转向民间自行管理；但政府却出于对边疆地区民众领袖易引发社会不稳定的成见，刻意将士绅集团排斥于水利管理事务之外。民国时期随着外源性水利危机的爆发，向外部“争水”成为决定区域社会生死存亡的头等大事，政府转而支持士绅阶层积极“争水”，士绅由此控制了全县水利事务。“争水”成功的士绅阶层很快涣散并劣化，致使金塔内部水利逐渐废弛、社会矛盾重重，并非迫切的“对外争水”成为凝聚区域社会的唯一共识。从屯田到争水，金塔社会在近世大多数时间中始终为单一维度社会管制目标所牵引，并未走上繁荣、有序、富于活力的发展之路。这其中涉及政治、环境等复杂因素的交相作用，但自屯田时代所遗留的制度化要素扮演了重要角色。短时期的屯田活动，造就了长时期存在于边疆区域的“屯田社会”，其流风余绪影响至今。Abstract: This paper uses hydraulic affairs of Jinta county, Gansu province between 1719-1949 as the main axis to analyze evolution features of frontier society that came into being in a span of over two hundred years because of the military-agricultural colonies (tuntian) system. During the Qing Dynasty tuntian period, hydraulic affairs of Jinta county were completely controlled by the government and were returned into the hands of the people after the tuntian period. However, due to the government’s preconceived notion that local public figures in a frontier society were prone to instigate social instability, local gentry were deliberately rejected from the management of hydraulic affairs. During the Republican period, with the outbreak of externally induced hydraulic crisis, external “fight for water” became a matter of life and death for regional societies. The government turned to support local gentry to actively “fight for water”, allowing them to take control of county hydraulic affairs. The gentry that succeeded in the “fight for water” rapidly slacked off and deteriorated, resulting in the abandonment of hydraulic affairs within Jinta county as well as social conflict. The non-pressing “external fight for water” became the only social consensus. From tuntian to the “fight for water”, in most of modern time, Jinta society has always been drawn by a one-dimensional social control target, and had yet to embark on a prosperous, orderly and vibrant path of development. Complex political and environmental elements bear intersecting impact amid this, yet the remnant institutions of the tuntian period continue to play a crucial role. Though only for a short period, tuntian activities brought forth the type of long term “tuntian society” on the frontier, with lasting impact to this day.
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Key words:
- Jinta county /
- tuntian /
- hydraulic affairs /
- frontier society /
- one-dimensional social control target /
- gentry
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