现象意识的现象学进路及其整合
作者简介:何浩平，东南大学人文学院哲学与科学系副教授（江苏南京211189）。
摘要: 心智是有意识的心智，要对有意识的心智做出物理还原解释，就先要对被解释项即现象意识施以恰当的分析。在现象学中，可以找出两种对现象意识的解释方案。一种提出，意识前反思的自身觉知就是现象意识，而胡塞尔对内时间意识的分析，揭示了意识之所以具有现象性的内在结构；另一种提出，感觉质素才是现象意识，并且对意识的具身性的分析扩展了质素的类型。然而，现象意识有两个构成要素：主观性要素与质性要素，上述两种解释其实分别只抓住了现象意识的一个要素。因此，如果能够整合这两种解释，那么就能得到一个完整的对现象意识的现象学理论。与流行的一阶表征主义、高阶表征主义以及自身表征主义等表征理论相比，现象学式现象意识理论能够避免无穷倒退，也能够说明无表征对象的意识活动的现象性。不过，这种整合尚存在两点疑难：一是不清楚是否原则上所有的现象意识都具备这两个要素；二是具身性似乎本身就蕴含着某种主观性。
Phenomenological Approaches to Phenomenal Consciousness and Their Integration
Abstract: The mind is a conscious mind.Before conducting a physical reduction of the conscious mind,a proper analysis of the explanandum,phenomenal consciousness,is in place.There have been two approaches to explain phenomenal consciousness in the phenomenological tradition.The first approach uses pre-reflective self-awareness to explain phenomenal consciousness and takes Husserl’s analysis of inner time-consciousness as a further disclosure of the internal structure of the phenomenality of consciousness.The second approach uses hyle to explain phenomenal consciousness and takes the analysis of embodiment to supplement the theory of hyle,expanding the kinds of hyletic data.It is,however,showed that phenomenal consciousness consists of two components.The subjective moment and the qualitative moment.The above two approaches can only explain one of the two moments,respectively.Thus,if these two approaches could be integrated into one,then the result would be a complete phenomenological theory of phenomenal consciousness.Compared to other current representational theories,whether it is first-order representationalism,higher-order representationalism,or self-representationalism,the phenomenological theory is superior in that it could avoid the problem of infinite regress,and that it could give an account for the phenomenality of non-representational conscious states.Yet the integration faces two obstacles.First,it is unclear whether all phenomenal consciousness states contain both subjective moment and qualitative moment.Second,the embodiedness of consciousness seems to enjoy a kind of subjectivity by itself already.
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