比拟律令职官：五代宋初特定使职的品官化
作者简介:陈文龙，华中科技大学语言文化系副教授(湖北武汉430074)。
基金项目:
本文系“中央高校基本业务费资助”（2021WKYXQN047）的阶段性成果
摘要: 唐前期实行律令体制，官员享有的待遇和特权基本依据律令。唐后期使职差遣盛行，大部分使职享有的特权和待遇需通过散官、本官阶或带职来确定，此时的官僚等级序列是二元体制。五代宋初，文武官、内职、军职三类职官中的使职逐渐品官化，可依据使职本身享有俸禄、班位、荫补、当赎等待遇和特权。北宋前期的官僚等级序列，通常由有官品的职官和品官化使职共同构成。从翰林学士、藩镇使职的品官化可以看出，品官化后的使职既可以是纯粹阶官，也可以是有具体职掌的职官。在北宋前期官僚等级制度的形成过程中，使职品官化是独具特色的重要环节。
The Transformation of Specific Emissary Positions from Officials without Ranks to Ranking Officials during the Five Dynasties and the Early Song Dynasty
Abstract: In the early Tang Dynasty,the legal system was implemented,and officials’ status and privileges were primarily based on laws and statutes.In the late Tang period,the emissary positions which were not belonged to the legal system became prevalent,and the privileges for most assignments were determined by Sanguan(“散官”，the prestige titled officials),basic official ranks,etc.During the Five Dynasties and the early Song Dynasty,emissary positions within civil and military officials,inner officials,and military positions gradually became ranking officials,allowing status and privileges such as salaries,rank positions,hereditary privileges,and redemption from penalties to be determined based on the emissary positions themselves.In the early Northern Song Dynasty,the bureaucratic hierarchy was typically composed of officials with ranks and emissary posts which were become ranking officials already.When the emissary positions became ranking officials,taking the Hanlin Academicians(“翰林学士”) and regional military commissioners for example,the emissary positions could either be purely ranked officials or official positions with specific duties.The transformation of emissary positions from officials without ranks to ranking officials was a unique and crucial step in the formation of the bureaucratic hierarchy in the early Northern Song Dynasty.
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