Abstract: Based on different geographical environment and economic and social forms, the traditional Chinese and Western economic thoughts have different characteristics. Specifically, Chinese inland geographical environment and natural economy form of agriculture civilization makes that the aim of Chinese ancient economic thought is to guarantee the country peace and tranquility. The traditional Chinese thought is the product of unified political power and small-scale peasant economy. It lays stress on State Standard and curbing land annexation. State interventionism plays a leading role in economic policy. Besides, it has strong ethical and cultural attributes. While it is the geographical environment and business civilization that makes ancient Greece a decentralized city-state system society. The characteristic of its economic thought is to emphasize manor standard. The economic thought, with strong religious and cultural attributes, focus on how to maintain private property rights system and regards the division of labor, exchange and value realization as the core. These different characteristics exert a profound influence on the development of Chinese and Western economy.