从《生育制度》到当下中国的生育转变
作者简介:作者李婷,清华大学社会科学院社会学系教授 (北京 100084)。
基金项目:
本文为国家社会科学基金重大项目"人口、家庭与可持续发展研究"(24&ZD155)的阶段性成果
摘要: 进入21世纪第三个十年，中国人口发展面临历史性转折，总和生育率已长期徘徊在1.3以下，进入生育转变的全新阶段。面对既有理论在解释生育转变时的碎片化以及西方中心主义等局限，依托费孝通《生育制度》的本土功能主义理论资源，可以构建一个以社会分工继替原则变迁为核心的解释框架，用以揭示传统生育制度如何依托身份继替、性别协作分工与家本位价值形成稳固结构。现代社会继替从基于家庭的身份转向基于个体竞争的选择，引发性别协作体系失衡、家本位价值流变，叠加数智社会的加速效应，最终导致个体生存逻辑与家庭生育模式相容性大幅下降，成为当前生育转变的底层结构根源。基于该框架，进而对现有生育支持政策的局限进行剖析，探讨社会化抚育、生育价值重构等深层干预路径，并展望人机社会对生育制度的重塑可能，力图构建根植中国情境的生育转变的原创理论。
From The Reproductive Institution to the Fertility Transition in Contemporary China
Abstract: By the third decade of the 21st century, China's population development has reached a historic turning point, with the total fertility rate having remained persistently below 1. 3, marking a new phase of fertility transition. Confronted with the fragmentation, Western-centrism, and other limitations of existing theories in explaining this transition, an explanatory framework is constructed, drawing on the indigenous functionalist resources of Fei Xiaotong's The Reproductive Institution, that centers on the transformation of the principle of social division-of-labor succession. This framework reveals how traditional fertility institutions formed stable structures grounded in status succession, gender-based collaborative division of labor, and family-oriented values. In modern society, the shift from family-based status to individual competition-based selection has triggered the destabilization of gender collaboration systems and the erosion of family-oriented values; compounded by the accelerating effects of the digital-intelligent society, this has ultimately led to a substantial decline in the compatibility between individual survival logics and family- based reproduction patterns, constituting the underlying structural root of the current fertility transition. Based on this framework, the study analyzes the limitations of existing fertility support policies, explores deeper intervention pathways such as socialized childcare and the reconstruction of reproductive value, and looks ahead to the potential reshaping of reproductive institutions by a human-machine society, striving to build an original theory of fertility transition rooted in the Chinese context.
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