Abstract: The layout of state-owned economy in strategic emerging industries is not only a significant theoretical innovation and creation made by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China based on the specific conditions, but also a major practical exploration in accelerating the cultivation and development of new productive forces and promoting high-quality economic development. This paper, guided by Marxist political economy, explores the characteristics of the layout of state-owned strategic emerging industries and analyzes its important significance in promoting high-quality development. Based on the analysis of micro-enterprise registration data from Tianyancha, the results indicate that state-owned economy has been strategically expanding into emerging industries. Despite the rapid growth in the number of enterprises and investment intensity, the industrial layout is increasingly focused on the real economy, and efforts to cultivate industries with comparative advantages have been strengthened. However, challenges such as regional development imbalance, excessive weight of the financial industry, and the need to improve the comprehensiveness and balance of industrial development still exist. Therefore, in the development of state-owned strategic emerging industries in the new journey, it is necessary to promote cluster development of industries in terms of strategic positioning, further focus on the real economy in sector selection, and improve the ability of independent innovation according to local conditions in regional adaptation.