Abstract: Now given China’s huge amount of population, multidimensional structure unreasonable conditions, rely on simply relax birth control even encourage birth, not only can’t solve the problem of structure, and the total will exacerbate the problem, we put forward a new way of thinking: Everyone is equal in initial reproductive rights premise (every couple two fertility index), the total national birth control, through legislation and formulate specific rules, allow fertility index through the market to trade, so as to realize the optimal allocation of the actual fertility index, total both to birth control, and to optimize the structure of population, to solve the problems of population and the structure of short and long term. This is the plan reflects the population regulation and market regulation with the combination of mechanism design.