绢帛与钱贯:唐代赃估规则之嬗变与运行
Silk and Copper Money: Evolution and Operation on the Rules of Stolen Property Valuation in Tang Dynasty
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摘要: 伴随“开元通宝”信用确立与长期行用,钱绢并用体制逐步确立,铜钱在经济活动中的地位日益提升,大量以钱贯数额记录赃值的案例屡见史乘,遂在“赃罪”领域形成“以钱计赃”与“以绢计赃”并驾齐驱的二重书写模式。现钱逐渐取得与绢帛分庭抗礼的经济地位,甚至在大和、会昌年间,一跃成为计赃的直接依据。但是,由于唐代始终坚持“布帛为本,钱刀是末”的既定策略,钱贯始终无法彻底突破既有窠臼,成为取代绢帛的基本计赃依据。“计钱定赃,准律折绢”量刑原则的适用,恰为唐代钱绢二元货币格局在司法领域的现实投射。Abstract: Accompanied by the establishment and long-term use of " Kaiyuan Tongbao” (" 开元通宝”) copper coins credit, the system of coexistence of using copper money and silk has been gradually established. The status of copper coins in economic activities has been increasing, and a large number of cases in which the stolen property is recorded in the amount of copper coins can often be seen in historical records, thus forming a dual writing mode of " calculating stolen property by copper coins” and " calculating stolen property by silk” in the field of " responsibility for the corrupting affairs”. Copper coins has gradually gained an economic position that can be against with silk, which even becomes the direct basis for calculating stolen property in the Dahe and Huichang period. However, because the Tang governmen always adhere to the established strategy of " textiles are the fundamental and copper money is the incidental”, copper money cannot completely break through the existing pattern and replace the status of silk, becoming the basic basis for calculating stolen property. The application of the sentencing principle, " calculate copper coins according to the amount of stolen property, and then convert into silk according to the legal provisions”, is exactly the realistic reflection of the dual currency pattern in the judicial field of Tang Dynasty.
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Key words:
- Tang Dynasty /
- a string of copper coins /
- silk /
- stolen property valuation
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表 1 《唐律》“六赃”量刑简表
罪名(条目) 量刑幅度 量刑厘革 强盗(281) 不得财徒二年;一尺徒三年,二疋加一等;十疋及伤人者,绞;杀人者,斩。其持仗者,虽不得财,流三千里;五疋,绞。伤人者,斩。 1. 建中四年(783)二月,京兆府奏,准建中三年三月敕节文,当府界内,捉获强盗,不论有赃无赃,及窃盗赃满三疋以上者,并准敕集众决杀;不满疋者,量事科决,补充所由。犯盗人虽有官及属军等,一切并依此例处分。2. 大和四年(830)十二月诏:(京城)杀人及强盗,罪迹分明,不计赃之多少,闻奏讫牒报本司,便付京兆府决杀。3. 会昌元年(841)十二月敕:自今以后,窃盗计赃至钱一贯已上,处极法。抵犯者便准法处分,不得以收禁为名。 窃盗(282) 不得财笞五十;一尺杖六十,一疋加一等;五疋徒一年,五疋加一等,五十疋,加役流。 监主受财枉法(138) 一尺杖一百,一疋加一等,十五疋绞。 1. 天宝元年(742)二月丙申,枉法赃十五疋当绞,今加至二十疋。2. 清泰二年(935)五月,中书门下奏:请今后犯枉法赃十五疋准律绞,不枉法赃准三十疋加役流。受所监临,五十疋流二千里。今请依《统类》,不枉法赃过三十疋,受所监临赃过五十疋,从之。 受财不枉法(138) 一尺杖九十,二疋加一等,三十疋加役流。 受所监临财物(140) 一尺笞四十,一疋加一等;八疋徒一年,八疋加一等;五十疋流二千里。 坐赃致罪(389) 一尺笞二十,一疋加一等;十疋徒一年,十疋加一等,罪止徒三年。 -

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