承拟汉武与从“经史”转向“文采”的大明时代
作者简介:李易特,上海交通大学人文学院中文系助理教授(上海 200240)。
基金项目:
本文为教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金“礼制因革与南北朝至唐的文学演进研究”（25YJC751011）的阶段性成果
摘要: 南朝文人书写“当代”文学史时颇重视宋孝武帝统治的大明时代，且视之为从“经史”向“文采”的转折点。这一命题以及大明时代在南朝文学史中的地位，应从宋孝武帝自觉承拟汉武宫廷文化尤其是礼仪文学的角度理解。宋孝武帝与江夏王刘义恭将司马相如《封禅文》用作礼仪剧本，通过表、诏、诗展演《封禅文》构想的天子与大司马诸多行动及其话语。此事及宋孝武帝在殷贵妃葬礼上承拟汉武帝葬李夫人礼制及《李夫人赋》、首次拟作《柏梁台诗》、谢庄受诏作《舞马赋》并承袭汉武帝《天马歌》的文本结构，共同说明宋孝武所“好”之“文章”集中在汉武帝朝宫廷文学尤其是礼仪文学。其时代文化背景是宋孝武帝大力建设礼仪制度，然这种礼仪制度主要用于塑造威仪，并不推动崇儒宗经，由此继承了汉武帝宫廷文学润色、涂饰的一面，带动彼时文化与文学向“文采”的转折，成为南朝文学尤其是文学形式美学发展的重要阶段。
Emulation of Emperor Wu of Han and the Transition from “Classics and History” to “Literature” in the Daming Era
Abstract: When Southern Dynasty literati wrote the literary history of their own times,they paid great attention to the Daming era under the reign of Emperor Xiaowu of Song,regarding it as a turning point from “classics and history” to “literary grace.” This proposition and the status of the Daming era in the literary history of the Southern Dynasties should be understood from the perspective that Emperor Xiaowu of Song consciously emulated the Emperor Wu of Han's court culture,especially the ritual literature.Emperor Xiaowu of Song and Liu Yigong adapted Sima Xiangru's “Fengshan Text”(《封禅文》) into a ritual script,performing the actions and dialogues of the emperor and the Grand Commandant envisioned in the text through memorials,edicts,and poems.This,along with Emperor Xiaowu's emulation of the Emperor Wu of Han's funeral ritual and “Fu of Lady Li”(《李夫人赋》) for Consort Yin's funeral,his first attempt at composing the “Bailiang Terrace Poem,” and Xie Zhuang's “Dancing Horse Fu” modeled after Emperor Wu of Han's “Heavenly Horse Song,” all demonstrate that the “literary works” favored by Emperor Xiaowu were focused on the court literature of Emperor Wu of Han's reign,especially ritual literature.The cultural context of his time was the emperor's vigorous construction of ritual systems,which were mainly used to create an imposing presence rather than promoting Confucianism and the classics.Thus,he inherited the decorative aspect of Emperor Wu of Han's court literature,driving the culture and literature of the time towards “literary grace.” This became an important stage in the development of Southern Dynasty literature,especially in the aesthetics of literary forms.
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