Sameness and Difference: The Theory of“Tong” and “Yi” in Early China

The concept of “Tong”(“同”) and “Yi”(“异”) along with the related theory of sameness and difference in early Chinese philosophy is not merely a logical issue,it encompasses more complex dimensions and aspects.In the realm of the universe and nature,it addresses the relationship between the “one” as the primordial and initial state and the “many” as continuously differentiated and dispersed aspects of the real world.In the world of language and names,it discusses the differences,negotiability between names and realities,and the issues of how to appropriately name and speak.In the ethical and social domain,it involves the “similarity” and “difference” among humans,the classification and positioning of people,and the establishment of ethical order.Politically,it delves into the consensus and diversity in the public sphere.Culturally,it explores the relationship between unity and preference,identity and openness in the academic knowledge domain.In the context of the competition among major states during the Spring and Autumn periods and Warring States period,scholars of various schools used the discernment of sameness and difference,right and wrong,good and evil,etc.to reconstruct the legitimacy and order of the universe and society.An examination of the various dimensions of the “Tong-Yi” theory contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the rich and intricate thoughts on sameness,difference,and diversity in early Chinese philosophy.