Abstract: The study on modern Chinese literary texts began in the 1920s. It took more than 60 years to develop the discipline consciousness which finally came into form during the mid-late 1980s. In this long and tortuous time span, the compilation of The Complete Works of Lu Xun and the development of modern Chinese literary philology formed a positive relationship of interaction. Take the 1958 edition and 1981 edition of The Complete Works of Lu Xun as examples. On the one hand, the two editions of The Complete Works of Lu Xun actively absorb the existing achievements of the philology of modern Chinese literature from the aspects of collection, collation and annotation, and apply them to the text and annotation of The Complete Works of Lu Xun, so as to optimize its compilation. On the other hand, the compilation of The Complete Works of Lu Xun promotes the development of the Philology of Modern Chinese Literature. The compilation of The Complete Works of Lu Xun has cultivated a large number of researchers on the philology of modern Chinese literature, spawned a series of research achievements, reversed the misleading atmosphere of pragmatism in the past, and promoted the style of study to be solid and steady. In any period of history, the compilation of The Complete Works of Lu Xun is undoubtedly the key node of the development of the philology of modern Chinese literature, and their interaction will continue to evolve.