风险社会对参与决策的拷问
作者简介:张康之,浙江工商大学公共管理学院教授(浙江杭州 310018)
摘要: 在工业社会中,决策使“凡事预则立”真正落到了实处,人类亘古就有的为行动事先谋划的追求得到了决策的充分诠释。在20世纪中,随着管理学的出现和人们的管理意识不断增强,决策的问题得到了充分的研究,并形成了一门被称作“决策科学”的学问。它对于社会发展产生了巨大的积极影响。然而,在人类走进了风险社会时,既有的决策方式还能不能发挥其作用,特别是参与决策以及协商民主决策是否可行,就是一个不得不加以研究的问题了。风险社会的基本特征是社会的高度复杂性和高度不确定性,行动和决策所面对的是偶发事件,而且回应时间非常紧迫,决定了模式化、程序化的参与决策都必然存在着回应性不足的问题,以至于我们必须寻求替代性的决策方式。风险社会中的决策方式是一种“感应性决策”,是基于对风险、危机事件以及与之相关的综合因素的直接感应而做出决策的方式。
Questioning Participatory Decision-making by Risk Society
- Available Online:
2022-05-20
Abstract: In the industrial society, decision-making makes “forewarned is forearmed” really came true, decision making reflects the pursuit of human planning before action. In the 20th century, with the emergence of management science and the enhancement of people’s management consciousness, the problem of decision-making has been fully studied, and “decision science” has been formed. It has a great positive impact on social development. However, when human beings enter the risk society, whether the existing decision-making methods can still play a role is a problem that must be studied, especially we do not know whether participatory decision-making and deliberative democratic decision-making are still effective. The basic characteristics of risk society is the high complexity and uncertainty of society, actions and decisions are faced with contingencies, and the response time is very urgent, these factors determine that there must be a lack of responsiveness in patterned and procedural decision-making, so that we must seek alternative decision-making methods. Decision making in risk society is a kind of “responsive decision”, which is based on the direct response of risk, crisis events and related comprehensive factors.