Abstract: Understanding the formation and development (genealogy) of nationality, which is a changing issue within ethnic study. Here, the rising of molecular anthropology has provided a new perspective to ethnic genealogy studies. However, due to the influence of disciplinary barriers and ethnic group theory, some scholars doubted that molecular anthropology could be used in genealogical research, and even whether the genealogy research is reasonable or feasible. On the basis of the previous researches, this study focuses on the core lineages of Xiongnu (“匈奴”). By comparative analyses of genetic ancestries and archeological characteristics of the Gol Mod 2 site tomb 2 and early Xiongnu populations with other reference populations, we found that the core Xiongnu populations were closely related to the Slab Grave people on the Mongolian plateau.; Compared with modern populations, the appearance, physical characteristics are closest to Northern Asian populations. The core genetic componets of Xiongnu still remain unclear, especially the changes of the Xiongnu population after its southward migration. In a word, we should strengthen the cooperation among various disciplines and explore the new paradigm of ancient ethnic genealogy research.