论黑格尔对形式主义学术的批判
作者简介:吴晓明,复旦大学哲学学院教授(上海 200433)
摘要: 黑格尔对形式主义学术的批判之所以有必要被课题化,是因为我们今天的学术整体仍然在很大程度上局限于形式主义的窠臼之中。形式主义学术立足于在近代已成为“绝对势力”的抽象知性或空疏理智,因而黑格尔始终致力于对知性形而上学开展出持续不断的批判;这一批判既针对着形式主义学术立足其上的抽象普遍性和外部反思(知性反思),又特别地针对着此种学术建制的主观主义实质。就此而言,超越抽象的普遍性或知性的有限性就成为基本的哲学任务。对于黑格尔来说,这一任务的要义可以被简要地概述为思辨的辩证法:它在以“绝对知识”超越主观思想和外部反思的同时,要求通达“真理”或“物自身”,从而构建起思想之真正的客观性,为超越形式主义学术奠定哲学基础。虽说思辨辩证法在本体论上不再能继续持立,但哲学上的真正进展−例如马克思的辩证法或海德格尔的现象学解释学−却决不意味着可以为形式主义学术大开方便之门,相反倒是意味着继承并重新开启黑格尔对形式主义批判的伟大遗产。唯当中国的哲学社会科学能够从形式主义的桎梏中决定性地解放出来,我们的学术才开始成为能思的和批判的学术,并因此而在学术的整体上获得强大的积极动力。
On Hegel’s Critique to Formalist Academy
- Available Online:
2019-02-01
Abstract: Hegel’s critique to formalist academy is necessary to be our theme of study, for our academic studies today is still, on the whole, limited to the trap of formalist way. Formalism is based on abstract intellectual or empty reason which was an " absolute force” in near-modern time, so Hegel contributes himself to criticize continuously intellectual metaphysics. Such a critique is directed against the abstract universality and an outer (intellectual) reflection, especially against the subjective essence of academic institution. Therefore, it becomes a basic philosophical task to transcend abstract universality and intellectual limitation. For Hegel, his major task is summarized as the dialectics of thinking. It is required to reach " truth” or " thing-in-itself” while transcending subjective thinking and outer reflection, to construct the true objectivity of thinking, and to lay a philosophical foundation for academy. Although dialectics of thinking is no longer to exist in its ontology, the genuine philosophical development, such as Marxist dialectics or Heidegger’s phenomenological hermeneutics, does not means to open to formalist academy. On the contrary, it is to inherit and reopen to Hegel’s heritage of criticism to formalism. Only by the liberation of Chinese philosophy and social sciences from the yoke of formalism, can our academic work become the one of critical thinking, and acquire strong and active motive in the whole academics.