道德向后，科学往前——19世纪经济学功利主义转向的二重性
Morality Backward, Science Forward—— The Duality of the Utilitarian Turn in Economics in the 19th Century
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摘要: 在经济学的学科史研究中，古典政治经济学在19世纪从“斯密传统”向“穆勒体系”的演进，特别是这一过程中经济学的功利主义转向，并未得到学术界的广泛关注。事实上，19世纪兴起的功利主义对当时经济学的学科发展产生了两个方面的重要影响：一是在规范性层面上，功利主义的道德学说促成了“道德退居幕后”的局面，为经济学基于“利益”概念的分析提供了扎实的道德基础；二是在实证性层面上，功利主义的联想主义心理学奠定了“科学走向台前”的基础，帮助经济学建立了基于方法论个人主义的行为分析模型。19世纪经济学的功利主义转向，在很大程度上预示着这门学科从“古典政治经济学”向“新古典经济学”演进的必然性，也揭示了现代经济学在学科发展中做出的选择及付出的代价。
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关键词:
- 经济学｜功利主义｜规范性｜实证性｜学科史
Abstract: The history of economics has often overlooked the evolution of classical political economy from Smith's tradition to Mill's system,particularly the utilitarian turn of economics in the 19th century.This turn had a significant impact on economics in two ways: From a normative perspective,the utilitarian moral theory moved morality behind the scenes,and laid solid foundations for economic analysis based on interests.Whereas from a positive perspective,associationist psychology enabled science to take the stage,offering a behavioral model built on methodological individualism.The utilitarian turn in economics in the 19th century foreshadowed the inevitable evolution of the discipline from classical political economy to neoclassical economics.It also revealed the choices that modern economics has made and the price it has paid. -
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