Abstract: The development of Chinese social organizations is entering a new stage. The traditional lack of legitimacy has been greatly improved while the development bottleneck of insufficient resource absorption capacity is becoming more and more obvious. In this context, it is necessary to introduce the perspective of resource mobilization theory to study the development characteristics and deep challenges of different types of social organizations from the dimensions of resource dependence structure, cognitive ability of the resource environment, and resource competition level. This theoretical perspective can make up for the deficiency of existing studies that place too much emphasis on the constraints of macro institutional environment and neglect the specific operation mechanism of social organizations. It can also examine the deep problems in their resource support system composed of the state, market and society, so as to find an effective path to promote the healthy development of Chinese social organizations.