自然与自由之间的鸿沟与过渡——重审《判断力批判》导论的基本问题
The Gulf and Transition between Nature and Freedom—— A Reexamination of the Fundamental Issue in the Introduction to the Critique of Judgment
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摘要: 康德哲学中,关于自然立法与自由立法的关系,研究文献往往认为,前两部批判遗留下的是一个道德相关的问题,是道德关切迫使康德在导论中去讨论两种立法间的鸿沟以及沟通。事实上,前两部批判并未遗留下这样一个问题。第三批判导论中鸿沟与沟通问题所关涉的是:道德法则规定给我们的终极目的是否有可能在自然中实现出来,而这个问题在第二批判中已经在“至善的可能性”这一名目下通过神的存在而解决了。而终极目的在自然中的可实现性之所以在导论中被提出来,并不是作为一个实质性的问题等待着被回答,而是提供了一个考察的着眼点。在此着眼点之下判断力及其先验原则(自然的合目的性)可以显露出相关性,从而联结起自由法则与自然法则。只有从康德对系统性的关切出发才能理解第三批判导论中的基本问题。
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关键词:
- 康德|自由|判断力|至善|过渡
Abstract: This paper focuses on the following question:what problem concerning the relationship between the legislation of nature and the legislation of freedom was left unanswered by the first two Critiques and needed to be addressed by Kant in the Introduction to the Critique of Judgment? The research literature often holds that the problem left unanswered by the first two Critiques is a moral problem,and that it is the moral interest that compels Kant to discuss the gulf and transition between nature and freedom in the Introduction.This paper will offer a rather “heterodox” answer.The first two Critiques did not leave such a problem unanswered.The problem of the gulf and transition in the Introduction to the third Critique concerns whether the purpose prescribed by the moral law can be realized in nature,and this problem has already been addressed in the second Critique under the guise of “the possibility of the highest good” and there solved through the postulate of God.The realizability of the final purpose in nature is raised again in the Introduction not as a substantial question awaiting a response,rather,it is there to provide a perspective from which the judgment and its principle (the purposiveness of nature) can reveal their relevance and thus connect the law of freedom with the law of nature.This paper will refute the dominant moralizing interpretation and argue that only by starting from Kant's concern for systematicity can we understand the basic problem in the Introduction to the third Critique. -

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