意识现象学与当代人工智能(专题讨论)“纯意识”研究及其“困难问题”与“容易问题”
作者简介:倪梁康,浙江大学哲学学院、外国哲学研究所教授(浙江杭州310058)。
摘要: 在意识研究和意识理论方向上,目前有三门彼此独立的基础性学科在进行或多或少的合作研究:神经科学、信息科学与意识现象学。这个合作研究基于今日研究界对意识的三个定义:(1)神经相关机制(准意识);(2)信息(类意识);(3)个体的主观体验或内心世界(纯意识)。它们构成不可再进一步还原的三位一体,并且进一步引出目前在意识研究领域清晰可见的三元论立场、观点和方法。正因为此,这三门学科的工作是无法相互替代的。在纯意识研究中,意向相关项学需要处理的问题是容易问题,而意向活动学需要处理的则是困难问题。这里的困难问题之所以困难,乃是因为意向活动学要面对的是一个持续涌现、流动、变化和消失的意识构造过程。在反思中进行的现象学发生分析,需要在意识活动的进行中直接把握和获取这个活动的发生规律和结构规律。纯意识研究构成了准意识研究和类意识研究的基础,但它是有限的,不能取代其他的意识研究方式。
“Pure Consciousness” Research and Its “Hard Problem” and “Easy Problem”
Abstract: In the direction of consciousness research and theories of consciousness,there is currently less or more collaborative research being conducted in three separate and fundamental disciplines: neuroscience,information science,and the phenomenology of consciousness.This collaborative research is based on three definitions of consciousness in today’s research community: (1) neural-related mechanisms (quasi-consciousness); (2) information (like-consciousness); and (3) the subjective experience or inner world of the individual (pure-consciousness).They constitute an irreducible trinity that cannot be further reduced,and furthermore lead to the Trinitarian positions,perspectives,and methods that are now clearly visible in the field of consciousness research.Because of this,the work of these three disciplines is not interchangeable.In the study of pure consciousness,the problems that need to be dealt with in intentional correlational terminology are easy ones,whereas the problems that need to be dealt with in intentional activism are hard ones.The hard problems here are hard because intentional activism has to deal with a process of constructing consciousness that continues to emerge,flow,change and disappear.Phenomenological emergent analysis in reflection requires the direct grasping and accessing of the emergent and structural laws of this activity in the conduct of conscious activity.The study of pure-consciousness forms the basis for the study of quasi-consciousness and the study of like-consciousness,but it is limited and cannot replace other ways of studying consciousness.