南宋时期权臣秉政与制词书写中的政治博弈
Politics of Powerful Ministers and the Political Competition in Imperial Edict Writing in the Southern Song Dynasty
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摘要: 南宋一朝权臣相继,秦桧两据相位十九年,韩侂胄、史弥远、贾似道长期独专国秉。为操纵“上意”,南宋权臣通过掌控词臣的任免权不断强化对两制的控制,使体现君主意志的制诏逐渐流为溢美攻伐以逞权臣私欲的工具。词臣主司代王言的喉舌之任、履行纠正偏失的封驳之职,不仅要在制词书写中传达君主旨意,也要以公允纪实的立场体现公议。虽然权臣秉政对南宋政治产生了严重影响,但士大夫对“祖宗之法”的维护使得词臣参与决策的政治地位和坚持公议的政治立场仍然得以保留,从而在一定程度上形成了对君权和相权的制衡。在南宋时期的制词书写中,鲜明地展现了君主、权相、词臣之间的政治博弈及其背后的权力斗争,凸显了宋代士大夫政治的发展趋势和演变特征。Abstract: In the Southern Song Dynasty, a sequence of powerful ministers such as Qinhui, Han Tuozhou, Shi Miyuan and Jia Sidao, controlled the imperial government for a long time. Powerful ministers authorized imperial edict drafters to suppress their opponents with the words of exquisite attack in the imperial edict writing. As the emperor’s spokespersons, drafted to convey the will of the emperor, while the powerful ministers involved in the dispute manipulated the interpretation of the will of the emperor by the imperial edict drafters in order to achieve their own political goals, and even influenced imperial edict drafters’ declaration of state affairs. The political stance of imperial edict drafters determined their political attitude. Although politics of powerful ministers exerted important influence on the writing of imperial edict drafters that cannot be ignored, imperial edict drafters still tried to maintain the political stance of the public opinion. Tripartite Competition of the emperor, the powerful ministers and the imperial edict drafters was neatly illustrated in imperial edict writing, which showed the trend in political culture of the scholar-officials in the Song Dynasty.
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