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地方,既是地理学概念中承载人地关系的基本单位,也是历史学、政治学、社会学研究中与中央相对的分析术语。地方行政,指国家治理在地方各级的行政机制和行政行为,在中国传统官僚政治体系中有着较为悠久的传统和举足轻重的地位。传世史籍的丰富和聚焦,为帝制早期秦汉地方行政制度的讨论积淀了深厚的学术成果;
1 在“活的制度史”的史学理论指导之下,且得益于出土文献尤其是秦汉律令、地方衙署档案文书的不断面世,地方行政运行方面的研究蔚为大观。2 但是,由于地方是空间衍生的产物,无论制度设计还是日常运作,地方行政都必须依托于一定的空间场域。其中既有实在的物理性空间,即客观空间;也有建构的结构性空间,即社会空间;同时空间还受到时间和过程的制约。3 所以,地方行政一方面需要放在相应的时间节点和空间范围盈缩的动态过程中,深入探索其与空间形塑之间的互动关系;另一方面也需要在明确地方内部空间尺度的层次多样与结构多元的同时,观照其与中央、整体,乃至外部空间运行的关系,从而在更广域范围理解地方行政这一社会实践活动。总体上,目前学界利用出土文献对秦代地方行政制度及县行政运行给予了充分的关注,广泛涉及具体的机构、人事及政策的落实调整等方面,但是落脚于地方行政运行空间结构的研究较少,尤其是缺乏整体视角和多维尺度的观察。本文不揣浅陋,借助出土简牍资料对秦代地方行政运行的空间结构进行全面复原和深入分析,希望有助于更系统地认识帝制早期的国家治理机制。
出土简牍所见秦代地方行政运行的空间结构
- 网络出版日期: 2023-04-20
摘要: 秦汉时期的地方行政运行于特定的政治空间结构之中,大量面世的秦汉简牍有助于揭示其整体面貌。宏观层面,从战国秦到天下秦时期,疆域范围由不断东进到南北扩张,结构从中县道小圈层逐渐演变为全国性的五大圈层,组织形态从封君郡县并存到海内为郡县,统县政区由37个增加到49个。平行与垂直管理系统交叠,多元组织单元互补造就了帝制早期地方行政的条块结构。中观层面,郡县之“都”是秦汉地方行政运行落地的核心场域。县城内部空间经过规划,以各种形式的墙垣、门、道路进行分割和连接。城墙之内为生活区和行政区,包括官府办公的“寺”,黔首聚居的“里”和交易场所“市”。都与邑、乡与聚不仅存在地理上的空间分野,也保持着行政上的联结和互动;离邑和城墙之外的散村聚落受到中心城市和城内的制约,无法脱离地方行政独立运行。微观层面,县乡之“廷”是帝国末端行政的中枢机构。县廷衙署遗址内分布着办公场所等建筑景观群和水系、道路;结构上廷内分曹,与廷外的官相连接。道路交通网络是秦汉地方行政运行的渠道,体现并促进了帝国权力在地方的纵深;国家权力的主导构筑了一个不断变动的多版块、多类型、多层次的地方行政运行空间复合体。
English Abstract
Newly-discovered Bamboo Slips and the Spatial Structure of Local Administrative Operations in the Qin and Han Dynasties
- Available Online: 2023-04-20
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Keywords:
- local administration /
- potical spatial /
- Qin Dynasty /
- bamboo slips /
- ring structure
Abstract: Local administration in the Qin and Han Dynasties operated in a specific spatial structure, and the newly-discovered bamboo slips help reveal its overall appearance. At the macro level, from the Warring States period to the imperial period, the territorial scope of the Qin state expanded from east to north and south, the structure gradually evolved from a small level of Zhongxiandao (“中县道”) to five nationwide levels, and the organizational form of the Qin Dynasty changed from the coexistence of the monarchy and the county system to the country as a county, and the number of county administrative districts under its jurisdiction increased from 37 to 49. The parallel and vertical management systems of the Qin Dynasty overlapped, and multiple organizational units complemented each other to create the local administrative structure in the early monarchy. At the mesoscopic level, the “capitals” of counties are the core areas for the implementation of local administrative operations in the Qin and Han Dynasties. The interior space of the county town is divided and connected by various forms of walls, doors, and roads. Within the city walls are the living and administrative areas, including the “Si” (“寺”) where the government works, the “Li” (“里”) where the common people lived together, and the trading place “Shi” (“市”). The scattered village settlements outside the city walls were restricted by the city and could not be separated from the operation of local administration. At the micro level, the “Ting” (“廷”) of the county is the central institution of administration at the end of the empire. In the ruins of the county court, there are architectural landscape groups such as office spaces, water systems, and roads; the sub-departments in the court are structurally connected with the officials outside the court. The road traffic network was the channel for local administration in Qin and Han Dynasties, reflecting the depth of imperial power in the local area.