功能与空间:南宋高宗朝临安宫城营建论析
作者简介:朱溢,复旦大学文史研究院教授(上海200433)。
摘要: 宫城营建是南宋政权充实临安都城功能的首要环节,却因其空间特性而面临多重困境,宫城各项功能的完善、整体格局的形塑深受这些因素制约。临安宫城早先在作为行宫时,就已出现一殿多用的现象,在宫门的使用、机构的安置上也有反常之处。作为第二次绍兴和议后宫城营缮最重要的工程,两座前殿主要用来举行各种朝会,其实施过程多见北宋旧制与现实空间因素的冲突、妥协。特别是主要承担礼仪功能的“射殿”,除了采取一殿多用的旧例,还因为规模有限、设施不全而在使用上捉襟见肘,这在绍兴十五年的元会礼仪中有充分体现。经过高宗朝的营建,临安宫城的格局大致定型,其空间结构相当于北宋宫城的内朝,外朝的建筑实体不存,其功用得到了保留,被整合进缩小的宫城中。
Function and Space: An Analysis on the Construction of Linan Palace City during the Reign of Emperor Gaozong in southern Song Dynasty
Abstract: As a key issue of the functional fulfillment of the de facto capital,the construction of the Linan palace city was confronted with dilemmas,on account of its spatial features.The functional improvement and spatial structural formation of the palace city were strictly confined by the factors mentioned above.When operated as the temporal palace city,it was used abnormally,such as the utilization of the basilicas and gates,and the distribution of the inner institutions.As the most important project of palace construction after 1138,the two anterior basilicas,She Dian and Chuigong Dian,were designated to accommodate the various audiences,which witnessed the conflict and negotiation between the institutions of the Song and the space of Linan palace city.Especially,She Dian,whose functions combined those of other basilicas of the Northern Song and whose names changed temporarily along with the variation of functions,struggled to undertake the rituals,due to its limited scale and incomplete facilities.The grand audience on the Lunar New Years Day in 1145,conducted at She Dian,intensively presents the tension between function and space.This tension was testified by the layout of palace city as well.The Southern Song Linan palace city,into which the functions of the unconstructed outer court were integrated,was structurally synonymous with the inner court of the Northern Song Kaifeng palace city.