清代藏书家汪启淑的商业经营与社会生活—对几份新见契约文书的解读
Business Management and Social Life of Bibliophile Wang Qishu in Early Qing
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摘要: 汪启淑是清代前期江南著名的藏书家、篆刻家，颇为出版史、艺术史学者所关注。不过，尽管其人系徽州盐商一向尽人皆知，但因书阙有间，以往对他的盐业生涯所知甚少，有关其人生平事迹的诸多细节亦皆不得其详。有鉴于此，本文拟以田野考察所获契约文书为主，对汪启淑的生卒年代、在江南各地的活动场所以及盐业经营与社会生活等诸多侧面，作一较为细致的勾勒。论文指出：在迄今尚存的徽州文书中，土地契约占绝大多数，而有关商业方面的契约文书并不多见。在这批新近发现的汪启淑相关文书中，不仅有涉及盐业经营的契约，而且还有一些与桑梓故里相关的土地契约、分家文书。据此，我们可以较为细致地探讨盐商的经营活动和社会生活，考察徽商由盛转衰的过程，故而弥足珍贵。从中可见，乾隆时代的徽州盐商，通过租售盐引，成为凭执根窝获利的有闲阶层。正像汪氏多方面的艺术成就一样，作为徽商的汪启淑，其商业经营亦涉及诸多行当。而就现有资料来看，他既是盐商，又是典商、出版商，甚至也被后人视作医家。这些不同的侧面，反映了盛清时代徽商“贾而好儒”的性格特征及其在文化上的诸多建树，其影响一直沿续到近现代。Abstract: Wang Qishu was a famous bibliophile and sealer of the early Qing Dynasty, and received much attention from publishing history and art history scholars. However, although his profession as a Huizhou salt trader was widely known, scholars still knew little of his salt business for lack of documents. In view of this, this paper intends to make a detailed description of Wang Qishu’s birth and death dates, his activities at various places in Jiangnan, his salt business operation and his social life. The paper points out that land contracts account for the vast majority all Huizhou documents that have survived to date, while contractual documents related to commercial affairs are rare. However, these newly discovered documents include not only salt business contracts, but also some land contracts and household documents concerning their hometown. Based on this, it would be possible to examine the business operation and social life of salt traders in greater detail, and to examine the process of Huizhou merchants turning from prosperity to decline, both of which are of great value. It can be seen from the documents that Huizhou salt merchants in the Qianlong era, through rent and sales of salt certificates, became the leisure class who made profits from their monopoly of salt certificates. Just like his artistic accomplishments in various respects, Wang Qishu, as a Huizhou merchant, also got involved in various businesses. Judging from available materials, he was not only a salt merchant, but also a pawnbroker, a publisher, and even a medical theorist in the sight of later generations. These different aspects reflect the personality characteristic−' trading while favoring Confucianism”, and cultural achievements of Huizhou merchants living in the high Qing era, whose influence has continued to modern times.
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Key words:
- Huizhou merchant /
- Wang Qishu /
- salt industry /
- contract /
- social life
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表 1
作者 篇目 年代 资料来源 沈初 《题汪秀峰绵潭山馆十景》 《兰韵堂诗文集》诗集，清乾隆间刻本 钱陈群 《绵潭山馆十咏》 《香树斋诗文集》诗续集卷15，清乾隆刻本 沈大成 《汪秀峰绵潭山馆十首》 沈大成《学福斋集》
（乾隆三十九年刻本）诗集郑虎文 《绵潭山馆纪游》 乾隆四十九年（1784） 《吞松阁集》补遗卷40，清嘉庆刻本 钱载 《红药坪记》 乾隆五十二年（1787）夏 《箨石斋文集》卷10，清乾隆刻本 吴寿昌 《汪秀峰农部山馆十咏》 吴寿昌《虚白斋存稿》卷4《冰衔集下》，
清乾隆五十五年刻本吴玉纶 《安拙窝记》 《香亭文稿》卷5，清乾隆六十年滋德堂刻本。 蒋士铨 《绵潭山馆十首》 《忠雅堂文集》卷26，清嘉庆刻本 吴俊 《绵潭山馆十咏》 《荣性堂集》卷5《古今体诗》，清嘉庆刻本 祝德麟 《汪秀峰启淑自新安至三首》 《悦亲楼诗集》卷25，清嘉庆二年姑苏刻本 纪昀 《汪水部启淑绵潭山馆十咏》 《纪文达公遗集》诗集卷10，
清嘉庆十七年纪树馨刻本王寿曾 《绵潭山馆十咏》 《闻音室诗集》卷3《阅水集》，
清嘉庆二十一年王元善等刻本梁同书 《花腴石瘦廊赋（并序）》 《频罗庵遗集》卷9文4，
清嘉庆二十二年陆贞一刻本沈叔埏 《绵潭山馆记》 《颐彩堂文集》卷5，
清嘉庆二十三年沈维
武昌刻本翁方纲 《绵潭山馆十咏为坳堂郎中赋》 《复初斋诗集》卷14《宝苏室小草四》，清刻本 赵怀玉 《桂寮赋（并序）》 《亦有生斋集》文卷1《赋颂连珠》，
清道光元年刻本杨伦 《绵潭山馆杂咏为汪农部赋》 《吴会英才集》卷12杨伦《九柏山房集》 
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