《尚书·高宗肜日》新探—兼论殷周的两次宗教变革及“民”的发现
A New Discussion on Shangshu Gaozong Rongri: Also on the Two Times Religious Reform in Shang and Zhou Dynasties and the Discovery of “the Subjects”
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摘要: 《高宗肜日》的主旨是“儆民”说而不是“敬民”说，强调国君的职责是惩戒、治理民众，要求对所有的先王一视同仁，平等对待，反映了殷人对于民众不同于周人的认识。“高宗肜日”并非传统所理解的武丁祭成汤，而是武丁之子祖庚或祖甲祭武丁，其后果是促成了商代的周祭制度。《高宗肜日》虽然记载的是商代的事件，但其著于竹帛则在周初，实际涉及殷周两次性质不同的宗教变革。前者是强化神权，加强对民众的统治，后者则是民的发现，使民作为一种整体力量获得了前所未有的承认和关注，殷周文化的差异应从这一点来理解。由于记录者将周人的观念、用语带入《高宗肜日》中，后世经学家又“以周释殷”，造成人们对《高宗肜日》的误读。今后的《尚书》研究应重视殷周思想的差异，从后世“以周释殷”的层层累积中，剥离出殷人真实的思想。Abstract: Gaozong Rongri（《高宗肜日》） aims at ' warning the subjects” instead of ' esteeming the subjects”. It emphasized that the task of the prince is to punishing and governing his subjects, and requires that all the previous princes are to be treated equal, which reflects recognition to the subjects by Shang Dynasty people differing from the Zhou people. Gaozong Rongri promotes Zhou people’s institution of sacrifices to ancestors in Shang Dynasty, and reflects two different forms of religious reform in Shang and Zhou Dynasties, although the chronicles are about events in Shang Dynasty. For the first time, it emphasized on the power of gods and the rules on the masses. For the second time, it discovered ' the subjects”, results in an unprecedented recognition and concern to the subjects as a whole force. The cultural difference between Shang and Zhou Dynasties should be understood in this point of view. The future studies on Shangshu（《尚书》） should attach importance to the difference of the ideas between Shang and Zhou Dynasties, and should probing the true ideas of Zhou people by avoiding ' explaining Shang with Zhou” fallacy.
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