社会主义市场经济中的资本：属性、行为和规范—《资本论》的启示
Capital in Socialist Market Economy: Attributes, Acts, and Norms
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摘要: 在社会主义市场经济中，根据资本的属性及其二重作用，对资本行为需要趋利避害，依法加强对资本运行的有效监管。第一，收入存在差距是不可避免的，在资本积累时就可能产生贫富两极分化。中国现阶段的财富差距明显超出收入差距，主要是由财富积累的差距带动的。第二，资本扩张是在资本运动中实现的。在实体经济领域中的资本向优势企业集中具有提高资本效率和效益的积极效应。由资本逐利的本性决定，居垄断地位的民营企业有扩张的冲动，官员权力的介入、资本市场运行和互联网平台为资本的无序无限制扩张提供了快速和无边界的技术条件。为了防止由此产生的系统性风险，对私人垄断性资本扩张需要有负面清单制度的限制。第三，资本市场是公开的资本交易的场所。资本市场的运行离不开虚拟资本，采取各类证券形式的虚拟资本在资本市场上运行产生的负面效应，涉及资本脱实向虚和虚拟资本野蛮生长的问题。规范资本行为的关键是完善和规范资本市场。资本无所不能，资本风险无所不在。在完善社会主义市场经济过程中，不只是规范资本本身的行为，还要规范资本无序扩张的外部环境，如防止权力和资本的结合、互联网平台的反垄断。Abstract: In the socialist market economy, we need to acquire benefit and to avoid harm in facing with capital acts, and to enhance effective management on capital operation according to laws, because of the attributes and its dual function of capital. Firstly, the income gap is unavoidable, and the capital accumulation may produce poor-rich division. At the present stage, the wealth gap obviously supersedes the income gap, this is mainly coming from the disparity of wealth accumulation. Secondly, capital expansion is realized in capital movement. The capital in real economic sphere centered to superior enterprises has an active effect in raising capital efficiency and benefit. Determining by the nature of capital for benefit, the monopolized private-owned enterprises have the impulse for expansion, and the involvement of government official power, the operation of capital market and the Internet platform have provided swift and boundless technical condition for the unordered and limitless expansion of the capital. In order to prevent the subsequent systematic risk, the negative list system is needed to restrict the expansion of monopolized private capital. Thirdly, the capital market is an open place for capital transaction. The maneuvering of capital market cannot do without virtual capital, the negative effect produced by virtual capital of various forms of securities operated on capital market is related to the problems of capital virtualization and the brutal growth of virtual capital. The key for regulating capital acts lies at perfecting and regulating capital market. Capital is omnipotent, while its risk is everywhere. For a better socialist market economy, not only does it needed to regulate the capital itself, but also to regulate the outer environment of unordered capital expansion, such as preventing collusion of power and capital, the anti-monopoly of Internet platform, etc.
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