宋元明地图中的西域观
View of the Western Regions in the Maps of Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties
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摘要: 古地图不仅是古代地理状况的反映，也是政治权力和地理观念的表达。汉代张骞凿空西域以来，中原王朝对西域的政治关怀、中原士人对西域的历史书写和知识关注从未中断。汉唐时期的西域地理图籍因年代久远、写本时代文献传存不易而未能流传至今。宋元明时期，中原王朝和西域民族政权都有西域图籍传世，分别表现了不同的西域景观和西域观念。并未实际掌控西域的宋、明王朝在其疆域图中往往表现汉唐时期的西域历史镜像，突出中原王朝经营西域的文治武功，彰显西域是中原王朝故土的政治观念，寄托中原王朝徕远人、致殊俗的政治理想。元代西域地图受中国地图和阿拉伯地图的双重影响，表现西域突厥化、蒙古化的地理现实。明代西域行程图重在表现明代广义西域的交通、城镇、物产与族群地理现状，反映元明时期西域突厥化和伊斯兰化的现实情景。宋明学者的知识关怀和元明王朝的政治经略是该时期西域地理图籍传承和发展的主要动力，而西域也在不同朝代、不同类型、不同知识体系的地图中呈现出历史与现实、故土与异域相互交错的地理景观。Abstract: The ancient maps are not only reflections of the ancient geographical situation, but also expression of political power and geographical concept. Since Zhangqian was accredited to the Western Regions in the Han Dynasty, the political concern of the dynasties and knowledge concern of the Chinese historiography for the Western Regions have never been interrupted. The maps of the Western Regions drew from Han to Tang Dynasties have not been passed down to the present. During the Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties, the central government and the Western Regions’ political powers had compiled maps of the Western Regions, showing different landscapes and concepts on the Western Regions. The Song and Ming Dynasties, which did not actually control the Western Regions, often represented the historical mirrors of the Western Regions in the Han and Tang Dynasties in their territorial maps for highlighting the martial control and political governance of the central dynasties on the Western Regions and pinning the special political ideal for restoring sovereignty of the Western Regions. The maps on the Western Regions of Yuan Dynasty, influenced by both Chinese and Islamic cartography, depicted the geographical reality of the Turkilization and Mongolianization of the Western Regions. The traffic maps of the Western Regions in the Ming Dynasty focused on the current situation of transportation, township, property and ethnic geography in the broad western regions, and reflected realities of Turkilization and Islamization in the Western Regions during the Yuan and Ming Dynasties. The knowledge concern of scholars in Song and Ming Dynasties and the political governance of Yuan and Ming Dynasties were the main driving force for the inheritance and development of the maps of the Western Regions. The Western Regions presented intertwined geographical landscapes between history and reality, homeland and exotic regions in the maps of different dynasties, different types and different knowledge systems.
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Key words:
- ancient maps /
- view of the Western Regions /
- political concern /
- knowledge system /
- oasis society
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